Ungayifumana njani eyona arhente yokuthenga?

Ngexesha leengxoxo zemihla ngemihla, abathengi abaninzi bahlala bekhalaza okoiiarhente banesimo sengqondo esibi, ungabanaki xa befowuna, kwaye ufumane i-pushback xa ucela iisampuli. Ukujongana nabo asiyiyo le nto bebeyicinga. Ngaba kukho nayiphi na imfihlo? Njengomthengisi, phantse wonke umntu unala mava. Abathengi abaninzi bafowuna kwaye baqale ngokubuza amaxabiso kunye nokuthelekisa amaxabiso. Emva koko kuya kuthiwa ixabiso le-XXX lingcono…. Abathengisi bahlala bephelelwa ngumdla xa besiva oku. Kuba, ngengozi, umgca wakho ophantsi uvuziwe. Awuyi kuba ngumthengi olungileyo kubo. Into oyikhathaleleyo lixabiso kunemveliso. Ukuba ufuna ukwenza ishishini nawe kwixesha elizayo, uya kuza ukuba ixabiso liphantsi namhlanje, kwaye uya kushiya ukuba ixabiso liphezulu ngomso. Ababoneleli bathanda umthengi ozinzile (ubuninzi abuyona nto ibalulekileyo) kunokuba umthengi ojikelezayo. Abanye abathengi bacinga ukuba iimfuno zabo zinkulu kwaye zinomtsalane ngokwaneleyo kwiiarhente. Kodwa wonke umntu uyazi ukuba inani elikhulu, kokukhona liyinkathazo. Ukuba umthengi akakhankanyi iodolo, kuya kubakho ukusilela okukhulu; ukuba ukuhanjiswa akufike ngexesha, kuya kuba yizikhalazo kunye nezikhalazo zabathengi. Mangaphi amaxesha apho imozulu inokulunga? Enjani yona ingxaki.

Aba bathengi bahlala kuluhlu olumnyama lomvelisi wokuqala. Nokuba bafumana umthengi onjalo, iiarhente aziyi kuba nobuganga bokubhalisa kwaye zibeke iiodolo kumenzi wokuqala ngokulula, kuba umenzi wokuqala uya kuhlala ebaxelela ukuba bebengabathengi beXX ixesha elide. Akuyomfuneko ukuba uqhume. Hayi indlela abangenazintloni ngayo! Amanye amacandelo aqhelekileyo angaodolwa ngaphandle kokubhalisa kumenzi wokuqala. Asikuko ukuba abanamaxabiso amahle, kungenxa yokuba awuyiyo into abayijonga njengomthengi olungileyo, kwaye ababi nabuganga bokukunika amaxabiso amahle ngenxa yokuba abanakho ukuqonda kunye nawe. Ukuba usebenzisa ixabiso lakhe ukucinezela ezinye iiarhente kwaye wazise umenzi wokuqala ngalo, uya kuba sengxakini enkulu. Ke ngoko, ukuba ukhetha iimveliso ze-R&D kwaye ufumane iarhente, kufuneka uqale wazise imeko esisiseko kwaye ucele i-FAE yabo ukuba ikucebise ngemveliso ehambelana nayo. Ukuthengisa kuya kukunika ixabiso lereferensi (uthatha isigqibo ngokwakho, kwaye emva kokufaka isaphulelo, kuya kuba yindleko yeendleko oza kuzifumana kwixesha elizayo). Emva koko landela amanyathelo okubacela ukuba babonelele okanye bathenge iisampulu kubo. Ukuba uyathenga, kufuneka wazise imeko yakho kuqala. Ukuba uye wasebenzisa iimveliso zoqobo, kufuneka ukuba "ubhalisiwe". Ngoko ke kufuneka uqale uxoxe nabo malunga nokuba ngaba umthengi wabo. Ukuba icacile kwangaphambili, kufuneka babe neendlela ezininzi zokudlula. Ukuba kunokwenzeka, siya kuxubusha ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho wemveliso (kungekhona ukugxila, kuba umgangatho uqinisekiswa ngokukodwa ngumenzi wokuqala), i-inventory kunye nokuhanjiswa, kwaye ekugqibeleni ixabiso.

Esi sisiqalo esifanelekileyo, ukuze iarhente iya kukuqonda, ikuxabise, kwaye ingene kwiingxoxo ezingaphezulu. Ukuqonda uluhlu lwe-arhente kunye namandla okubonelela kufuneka kube yinto ephambili ephambili. I-arhente nganye inomgaqo-nkqubo wayo woshishino kunye nokugxila kwimveliso. Ngaba iimfuno zomthengi kunye nezinto eziphambili kubo ziyahambelana? Oku kubalulekile. I-arhente enkulu ineshishini elikhulu, kodwa into enayo isenokungabi yile nto uyifunayo. Kukwakho ukukwazi kwe-arhente ukufumana iimpahla, ngakumbi xa unikezelo lwempahla lunganelanga. Ukufaka iodolo kwangethuba kungathethi ukufumana iimpahla kwangethuba, konke kuxhomekeke kumandla ayo kumzi-mveliso wokuqala. Ndiyakholelwa ukuba abathengi abaninzi bayingcamle le ncasa. Ukuba unikezelo kunye nokuhanjiswa kuqinisekisiwe, into yokugqibela lixabiso. Isizathu sokuba ixabiso lixoxwe ekugqibeleni akukhona ukuba ixabiso alibalulekanga, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sangaphambili, ixabiso linamanzi ngaphandle komthombo kunye nomthi ongenaengcambu. Kuthetha ukuthini ukuba nexabiso elihle? Ishishini lecandelo ngokuqhelekileyo aliyiyo isivumelwano sexesha elinye, kwaye ikamva lide. Ixabiso linokuhla kancinci kwixesha elizayo Iindleko eziphantsi, kutheni ke ukuba nexhala? (Njani ukuhlawula phantsi kuya kuxoxwa kamva)

Ke ngoko, uluvo lwam lobuqu: Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu ekuthengeni abathengi ngumgangatho, ilandelwa kukuhanjiswa, kwaye ekugqibeleni ixabiso. Xa ukhetha iimveliso kwiimpawu ezidumileyo, okokuqala, umgangatho uqinisekisiwe. Kwanokuba kukho into engahambi kakuhle ngamaxesha athile, kusoloko kukho ingcaciso yaye akuyomfuneko ukuba ubani athwale imbopheleleko. Ukunikela ngexesha elifanelekileyo yeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Ukuhanjiswa kwangethuba kuchaphazela uvavanyo lwe-inventri; ukuhanjiswa kade kuchaphazela imveliso kunye neentengiso. Xabiso yinto yokugqibela exoxwayo. Ukuba kukho iingxaki ngomgangatho okanye ukuhanjiswa, umphathi akasoze aqonde: kuba ixabiso lilungile, oku kuxolelwe! Incoko yile: Ngubani okwenze ukuba uthenge le ntengiso, echaphazela umgangatho, imveliso kunye norhwebo lwemveliso?

 

Xa ufuna iqabane, umyalelo apho umthengi onamava kufuneka akhathalele imveliso kufuneka: umgangatho, ukuhanjiswa kunye nexabiso. Uyaqonda ukuba ixabiso aliyona nto ibalulekileyo. Ukuba umgangatho uyathandabuzeka kwaye ukuhanjiswa kunebala, yintoni ukusetyenziswa kwexabiso elingcono? Nokuba akukho ngxaki ngomgangatho, yintoni inqaku lokulungiselela uluhlu oluninzi lokuqinisekisa imveliso eqhubekayo? Ukunyuswa komrhumo wokuhlala kwikomkhulu kunye neentlawulo zolawulo kusenokuba sele kuthotyiwe oko kubizwa ngokuba “yixabiso elilungileyo”. Ukuba kukho utshintsho kwimveliso, ukuba isetyenziswe ngaphantsi okanye ingasasetyenziswa, inzuzo iya kudlula ilahleko! Ngoko ke, emva kokuqinisekisa ukuba unokuba ngumthengi we-arhente, kufuneka uqale uqwalasele isiqinisekiso somgangatho wemveliso. Ewe kunjalo, ukuba ungowohlobo oluphezulu, akufuneki ube nexhala malunga nale miba. Umcimbi wokuhanjiswa ubaluleke kakhulu, ngakumbi kwezinye iitshiphusi eziphambili, ezihlala zingenazo izinto ezithatha indawo yesibini. Xa kukho into engahambi kakuhle, ngumbandela wobomi nokufa ukuze kuthengwe. Umzi-mveliso wokuqala kaninzi awunakukwazi ukuyicombulula le ngxaki. Ukuhanjiswa ngokuqhelekileyo iiveki ezisi-8 okanye iiveki ezili-12, kwaye i-inventri iphathwa ngama-agent. Ke ngoko, ukuqinisekisa ukubonelela kube yingxaki kwiiarhente.

 

Ngeli xesha, oko kufuneka kuhlolwe isiseko sabathengi be-arhente kunokuba amandla emali, athathwa njengento ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuba i-arhente enamandla amakhulu emali ayiyi kulungiselela uluhlu olukhulu lomthengi omnye. Abathengi kufuneka bakhathazeke malunga neemveliso eziphambili zale arhente. Ukuba iimveliso ezikhuthazwa yile arhente kwaye ziyithengisa kanye yile nto uyidingayo, ngoko ngoyena mthengisi ufanelekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba banesiseko esifanayo sabathengi, bahlala benamandla enkxaso yobugcisa kule ndawo, kwaye bahlala bekunika isisombululo esipheleleyo ngokungalindelekanga xa uphuhlisa imveliso. I-FAE yabo idlala ngezi chips imini yonke. Bayazi zonke iingxaki abathengi abadla ngokuhlangabezana nazo ngexesha lophuhliso lwemveliso kunye nemveliso. Xa uphelelwe lithemba, ngokufuthi banokucombulula iimfuno zakho ezingxamisekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba banesiseko sabathengi esifanayo, iiarhente zinokucela iimpahla ezingaphezulu kumzi-mveliso wokuqala kwaye zibe namandla anamandla othethathethwano. Bahlala befumana elona xabiso lihle kakhulu kumzi-mveliso wokuqala, odala iimeko kubathengi ukuba balwele amaxabiso abo amahle. Ngenxa yokuba kukho isiseko somthengi esinjalo, xa umenzi wokuqala esungula imveliso entsha, kufuneka abe yinto yokuqala abacinga ngayo. Ukuxhomekeka kwizakhono zabo zenkxaso yobugcisa kunye nobuchule bokuthengisa, iimveliso ezintsha zihanjiswa kubathengi bazo kuqala. Ngale ndlela imveliso yakho entsha inokuba linyathelo elinye phambi kwabo bakhuphisana nabo.

 

Okwesine, ngenxa yokuba unesiseko esifanayo sabathengi, uya kulungiselela ngokwemvelo uluhlu oluninzi. Ukufika kwabathengi abatsha kuya kumenza azithembe ngakumbi ekulungiseleleni uluhlu olwaneleyo. Ukuhanjiswa kwakho kuqinisekisiwe ngokwendalo. Okwesihlanu, kuba unesiseko esifanayo sabathengi, kulula ngakumbi ukutshintsha iodolo yakho. Ngeli xesha, iiarhente ngokuqhelekileyo aziyi kukukhathalela ukwanda, ukunciphisa okanye nokurhoxiswa kwee-odolo zakho (kodwa ii-arhente ziya kuxhalaba kakhulu malunga nawe ujikeleza xa unomyalelo.). Oku kubaluleke kakhulu. Musa ukucinga ukuba unokurhoxisa iodolo ngokufowuna nje kube kanye ngaphandle kokuhlawula. Akukho nto unokuyenza ngayo. Ukuba ayisebenzi, ndiza kufumana enye iarhente. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le ndlela ineziphumo ezingapheliyo! Bambalwa abathengisi betshiphu yakho engundoqo. Ukuba udumile, umenzi wokuqala kunye nabathengisi baya kukunika ingqalelo ekhethekileyo. Nokuba uhamba nomyalelo, ezinye iiarhente azinakubulisa ngoncumo, kuba ukuba awulumkanga, uya kuzimba umngxuma. Utshintsho lwemarike ngokuqhelekileyo kunzima ukuluqonda, ngakumbi ukuba umthengi akakabi yinkokeli kule marike. Emva kokufumana iodolo namhlanje, ndasebenza nzima ukuodola, ukucela nokuleqa iimpahla. Ngomso iodolo yomthengi irhoxisiwe kwaye ucinga ngokuyirhoxisa iodolo okanye ukuyibuyisela. Ngoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukuthengwa kuhlale kuqwalaselwa ukongezwa kunye nokucinywa kwee-odolo, kunye nokuqhubela phambili kunye nokuhlehla ngokukhululekile.

 

Ngomgangatho kunye nokuhanjiswa okuqinisekisiweyo, lixesha lokuthetha ngexabiso. Ixabiso libuthathaka kakhulu, kwaye sinokuthetha-thethana kuphela ngexabiso xa yonke into yenziwe. Ixabiso leetshiphusi eziqhelekileyo lisezandleni zama-agent. Amaxabiso ezinye iitshiphusi ezingundoqo ngokuqhelekileyo ezandleni abavelisi bokuqala, abaya kunika amaxabiso ezahlukeneyo ngokusebenzisa iiarhente ngokweemeko ezahlukeneyo abathengi. Indlela yokufumana ixabiso elihle kumenzi wokuqala okanye i-arhente? Ukuba uyinkokeli kwishishini, unokuthembela kwimveliso yakho kunye nendawo yentengiso ukuze ufumane ixabiso olilindeleyo. Ukuba ungomnye waba bantu, ungakhathazeki. Ngokubanzi, iitshiphusi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu eziphawulweyo zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iimveliso. Nantoni na enexabiso elingcono, sebenzisa kakhulu, kwaye lowo unexabiso eliphantsi, sebenzisa ngaphantsi. Eli likhadi lexilongo esandleni sakho. Abavelisi bokuqala kunye neearhente zixhalabile kakhulu ngolu hlobo lweSabelo. Ayinamsebenzi nokuba abathengi bayayisebenzisa kancinci, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ayilunganga ukuyisebenzisa nabakhuphisana nabo! Ukuze uqinisekise kwaye uphucule iSabelo esinjalo, baya kwenza konke okusemandleni abo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zakho. Haha, ixabiso ngokwendalo kulula ukuthethathethana. Ukuba uyinkampani yokuyila (owenza izicwangciso okanye uthengisa izicwangciso), ubuninzi bakho bokuthenga ngokuthe ngqo abuyi kuba bukhulu, kodwa impembelelo yakho yemarike kunye namandla okunyusa akanakujongelwa phantsi. Ikhadi lakho lexilongo lelokuba ukuba undinike ixabiso elihle, ndiya kuyila itshiphu yakho kwisisombululo sam. Ukuba akukho xabiso lilungileyo, ndiza kufumana enye inkampani. Ukuba unezixhobo zolawulo kushishino, ngokuqinisekileyo unokuzisebenzisa ngokupheleleyo.

Ukuba awuyonto kwaye awunanto, ke kufuneka ube nengxoxo entle kunye nearhente. Makhe sibone ukuba i-arhente ingakwazi ukutshintsha imeko kwaye ikwenze ube ngumntu osisityebi? Ukunika iimpahla ezisasazwe ngokulinganayo kubathengi abakhulu. Kakade ke, le asiyonto sinokuthetha ngayo nje ngokungaqhelekanga. Kufuneka silinde de kuphume amanzi.

 

 

 

Xa ukhangela iqabane, kokukhona lihle kakhulu, kokukhona lifaneleka ngakumbi emva koqwalaselo olubanzi. Kukwanjalo nasekufumaneni ababoneleli.

 

Abameli baseNiu Xa ndafowunela umnxeba kwakhona, ndaphendula ngokungenamonde. Emva kokuba ndithethe amazwi engxamile, ndaphinda ndabeka ifowni. Yayimangalisa ngokwenene! Ndiza kukunika ishishini kwaye ungakhathali. Haha, awukwazi ukuthetha loo nto. Usapho ngalunye luneesutra ekunzima ukuzicengceleza. Ukuthenga abantu banokungaqondi ukuba oku kukwaxinzelelo lweearhente zokuthengisa. Makhe ndibone ukuba ukuqonda kwam kungachaza isizathu? Kufuneka ibe yintoni injongo yokuthengisa kumthengisi kwi-arhente? Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba le yinto umphathi aqhwabe ngayo entloko, kodwa andicingi njalo. Ixabiso elibalulekileyo lezalathi zentengiso lichongwa ziimpawu zendalo zenkampani ngokwayo. Emva kweentengiso yi-FAE, amalungiselelo, abasebenzi, amalungiselelo, umphathi; iofisi, indawo yokugcina impahla; ukuthengisa kunye nohambo. Siqhelile ukuhlela iindleko abazenzayo njengeendleko zentengiso. Loluphi uhlobo lwenkampani kunye noluphi uhlobo lwesicwangciso sokuthengisa esamkelayo siya kuba neendleko zokuthengisa ezihambelanayo. Idityaniswe nomda wenzuzo yokuthengisa, imisela umthamo omncinci wokuthengisa ofunwa yinkampani. Iintengiso ezahlulwe ngokuthe ngqo zezona njongo zentengiso zisisiseko zenkampani.

 

Ukujonga ingeniso yokusebenza kunye nenani labasebenzi bezi nkampani, wonke umntu uyaqonda ukuba abayizo ii-arhente ezincinci. Kwezi nkampani zinkulu ze-arhente, injineli yokuthengisa ngokuthe ngqo idinga ingeniso yonyaka malunga ne-4 yezigidi zeedola zaseMelika. Ukuba irhafu eyongeziweyo ibalwa, yena Umthamo wokuthengisa we-RMB ofunekayo umalunga ne-30 yezigidi zeeyuan. Oko kuthetha ukuba ufuna i-3 yezigidi kwiintengiso ngenyanga. Umsebenzi wemihla ngemihla womthengisi oqhelekileyo ubandakanya: ukufumana iqela lee-imeyile, kwaye uninzi lwazo lufuna ukuphendulwa. Ngokwesiqhelo i-2/3 ingaphakathi kwinkampani kwaye i-1/3 ivela kubathengi. Kukho iintlanganiso ezininzi zangaphakathi zenkampani rhoqo ngeveki; ukukhuthazwa kweemveliso ezintsha kunye nezisombululo ezintsha (ngaphandle kweemveliso ezintsha, akuyi kubakho ukuthengiswa kwexesha elizayo); ukunika ingxelo ngomsebenzi wakutshanje kumzi-mveliso wokuqala; ukutyelela abathengi abaqhelekileyo, ukufumana iiodolo, kunye nokubeka ii-odolo kubathengisi emva kokushwankathela. Ukulungelelaniswa (ukucinywa okanye ukongezwa), ukukhawuleza, ukuthumela, ukubuyiswa kwentlawulo, njl. Ngaloo ndlela, ungakanani ixesha umntu oThengisayo unokujongana nomthengi omtsha yonke imihla? Ndicela sivisisane, nabo badiniwe imini yonke. Bazi kakuhle kakhulu: UThengiso ngalunye luxhomekeke kubathengi ababini okanye abathathu abakhulu ukugqibezela ekujoliswe kuko. Ngapha koko, iiarhente ziyazi ukuba i-10% okanye i-5% yabathengi benkampani bagqibe i-90% okanye ngaphezulu koko bekujoliswe kuko yinkampani. Abathengi abaninzi abanamandla.

 

Umsebenzi onzima wokuthengisa sesona sizathu, kwaye sisizathu esinenjongo. Kakade ke, kukwakho nezizathu ezibambekayo. Abanye abathengisi banenkohliso emva kokusebenza iminyaka eliqela, kuba inkampani inkulu kuba inkulu, kwaye bacinga ukuba inkampani yomelele kuba yomelele. Haha, ukuba unokwenza oku ukuba uqala inkampani yakho, iya kuba yinto emangalisayo! Le yenye ithiyori. Umthengi kunye ne-arhente banxibelelane ngapha nangapha kwifowuni, kwaye ngaphambi kokuba bayazi, uThengiso lwe-arhente lugqibe uvavanyo lomthengi wexesha elizayo. Ukuba awunamdla kakhulu, uya kufumana ngokwemvelo indlela yokujongana nayo. Ekubeni i-arhente ayinamdla kakhulu, akukho mfuneko yokuba umthengi afake isicelo ngokungenazintloni. "Ukuba awuyena umthengi omkhulu, kutheni ungaqhagamshelani nabo?" Ndicinga ukuba kunjalo. Abathengi kunye neearhente kufuneka zihambelane kakuhle. I-arhente ayithethi ukuba ineempahla ozifunayo, kwaye ayithethi ukuba iya kukuthengisela yona xa sele inempahla. Musa ukucinga ukuba inkampani enkulu ithetha iimpahla ezininzi. Inkampani inkulu, kwaye eyona nto ibalulekileyo bubuninzi kuneentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemveliso. Akukho arhente inokufuna ukuvula ivenkile yamayeza aseTshayina ethengisa yonke into. Lo ngumcimbi "wabathengisi bekhathalogu." Zonke iiarhente zinethemba lokuthengisa abona bathengi bakhulu kunye nabaninzi abaneentlobo ezigxininisiweyo. Abafana abaqhelekileyo abathengisayo basetyenziselwa, ngoko ke mababonise izakhono ezikhethekileyo.

 

Yintoni isemiconductor? Xa usebenzisana neearhente, kuya kufuneka uxoxisane ngexabiso ekugqibeleni. Phambi kothethathethwano ngexabiso, unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni isemiconductor. Kuya kuba luncedo xa uthetha-thethwano ngexabiso! Yintoni isemiconductor? Ootitshala kwisikolo samabanga aphakathi basifundisa ukuba "into (okanye izinto) phakathi komqhubi kunye ne-insulator yi-semiconductor. Ngokwentetho ye-layman, i-voltage isetyenziswa kuzo zombini iziphelo zento. i-conductor, kwaye ukuba akukho yangoku ihamba ngayo, yi-insulator ephakathi kwe-semiconductor ukubanda ngamanzi afudumeleyo Kodwa yintoni enye phakathi komsinga kunye nokungabikho Kwakho, ukuba ikhona, kwaye ukuba ayikho, ayikho, ngoko nangoko ndaziva? I-semiconductors yayingaqondakali kakhulu, mhlawumbi umfundisi-ntsapho wayecinga ukuba ulwazi lwethu olusisiseko lwalunganele ngelo xesha, okanye enye into endandiyithandabuza yaye andizange ndinike ngcaciso bendicinga lombuzo ulula kakhulu bendifuna ukuwubuza eklasini qha bendisoyika ukuba lombuzo uzakuba ngowabantwana ndihlekwe. Umfundisi-ntsapho eklasini akazange abonakale, ngoko ingxaki yahlala.

 

Emva kokusebenza iminyaka eliqela, ngenye imini ingqondo yam yandikhanyisela ngequbuliso. Damn it, ndikhohlisiwe! Ngokwenyani akukho mqhubi we "semi" kwihlabathi. Enyanisweni, into ebizwa ngokuba yi "semiconductor" imathiriyeli nayo ingumqhubi. Ukuba awuyikholelwa, zama ukusebenzisa i-voltage kuzo zombini iziphelo ze-silicon ye-monocrystalline okanye i-silicon ye-polycrystalline. Kuseza kubakho umsinga ohamba phakathi, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo akukho phakathi kwezi zimbini, kukho into apho kwaye akukho nto apho. Enyanisweni, iimpawu zokwenyani zesi sixhobo ziboniswa xa imiphezulu yazo iphathwa: enye indawo "ikhupha" ezinye ii-electron kwaye ishiya ezinye "imingxuma" ukubonisa i-polarity (positive), kunye nomnye umphezulu utofa ezinye ii-electrons ukuze zibe zilungile. Ine-polarity engalunganga, kwaye ke iindawo ezimbini eziphathwayo ziqhagamshelwa ngokusondeleyo ukwenza "i-junction", ebizwa ngokuba yi-PN junction. Eli qhina liyamangalisa kwaye libonisa ubuntu balo obahlukileyo. Xa i-voltage echanekileyo isetyenziswe kule ngqungquthela, ukuchasana kwayo kuncinci kwaye kubonakala ngathi kumqhubi omhle; xa kusetyenziswa i-voltage engalunganga, ukuchasana kwayo kukhulu kakhulu kwaye kubonakala ngathi "i-insulator". Kusenokuba kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba igama elithi "semiconductor" libekho. Ulwalathiso oluya phambili luyi-conductor, kwaye i-reverse direction ibonakala ngathi yi-insulator. Kwangaxeshanye, iimpawu zabo zangoku kunye ne-voltage azisahambisani nomthetho we-Ohm kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-voltage efanelekileyo okanye i-voltage engalunganga iyasetyenziswa. Ixabiso layo lokumelana nalo alisekho ixabiso eliqhubekayo, kodwa utshintsho kunye noshintsho lwangoku kunye nombane. Ukongeza iingcingo kuzo zombini iziphelo zayo yinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-diode.

Ukwahlulahlula iimpawu zesi sidibaniso kukhokelela kwiindidi ezininzi zediode. Ezo zisebenzisa iimpawu zangaphambili ziquka ii-diodes zokulungisa, ii-reference diodes, ii-switching diodes, i-daping diodes, i-Schottky diodes, i-photosensitive diode, njl. Ewe, ezona zidumileyo kunye nezasefashonini yi-light-emitting diode (LED). Ezona zixhaphakileyo ezisebenzisa iimpawu eziguqukayo zi-zener diodes, isolation (ukhuseleko) diode, njl.njl. Ukuba esi sidibaniso senziwe sancinci, sibizwa ngokuba yi "signal diode encinci", kwaye ukuba yenziwe nkulu, kunjalo. -ebizwa ngokuba yi "power diode". Qhagamshela amaqhina amabini ekupheleni ukuya ekupheleni okanye unyawo ukuya elunyaweni, kwaye uqhagamshele ucingo ekudibaneni ukuze ube yitriode. Qaphela: Ukuba intloko kunye nepini zixhunyiwe, ayithethi nto, yi-diode ezimbini ezidityanisiweyo kuthotho. Iimpawu ze-transistors zinzima ngakumbi, kwaye izicelo zabo zihluke ngakumbi. Ukudibanisa ezi diode, transistors, njl ngokweemfuno ezahlukeneyo yisekethe edibeneyo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi: IC. Ekuqaleni, izazinzulu zaseMelika ezasungula i-semiconductor ngokwenene zasebenzisa le ndlela kwilabhoratri. Omnye wenziwa umphezulu othe tyaba, kwaye omnye wenziwa ubume beprobe kwaye wacinezelwa ngokuqinileyo kumphezulu womnye ukwenza isiphambuka se-PN. Imveliso elandelayo emva kwe-industrial ayizange isebenzise le ndlela kuyo yonke into.Ukufumana nje isiqwenga setsimbi kunye nonyango oluphezulu kunye nokudibanisa kunye akuyi kuvelisa le nto. Ngokufanayo, iplastiki kunye nezinye i-insulators aziyi kusebenza, kunye nezinye izinto. Okwangoku kukholelwa ngokubanzi ukuba zintathu kuphela izinto ezikhoyo emhlabeni ezinendawo, isilicon, igermanium, kunye nekhompawundi ebizwa ngokuba yi-gallium arsenide. Ezi zinto zibizwa ngokuba yi-semiconductor materials. Phakathi kwabo, i-silicon iyona nto isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, kuba ukusebenza kwayo kuhambelana neemfuno zendalo yonke, kwaye inkqubo yokwenza iimveliso kunye nayo ilula kwaye iphantsi kweendleko. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kukho kuphela "iSilicon Valley" kodwa hayi "i-Germanium Valley" kunye ne "Gallium Arsenide Valley". Ivela phi isilicon? isanti! Ngoko ishishini le-semiconductor liguqula ngokoqobo isanti ibe yigolide. Nangona kunjalo, ndisenombuzo endingekawufumani. Ubomi bemveliso ye-semiconductor "i-semi-infinite". Ithetha ntoni le nto? Ngokuthetha ngokwethiyori, kuphakathi komda kunye nokungenasiphelo, kodwa ngubani owaziyo ukuba yintoni phakathi?

 

5. Iindleko ze-IC Xa usebenzisana neearhente, uthethathethwano ngexabiso alunakuphepheka ekugqibeleni. Ngoku sele siqonda ii-semiconductors, sinokuqonda kwakhona ukuqulunqwa kweendleko zeemveliso ze-semiconductor, eziya kuba luncedo xa uthethathethwano ngamaxabiso! Ukwenziwa kwe-IC ikakhulu kubandakanya: uphuhliso lwemveliso, imveliso kunye nokulungiswa. Uphuhliso lwemveliso kukuyila iimveliso ezihambelanayo ngokweemfuno zemarike, kwaye imveliso kunye nokulungiswa kukuguqula imveliso eyiliweyo ibe yimveliso yokwenyani. Ukuveliswa kunye nokucubungula ngokuqhelekileyo kwahlulwa kwiinkqubo zangaphambili nasemva. Into ebizwa ngokuba yi-front-end yi-chips yokuvelisa; into ebizwa ngokuba yi-back-end ukupakisha, ukuvavanywa, kunye nokupakishwa kwee-chips kwiimveliso zokugqibela. Iindleko zophuhliso ziquka: iindleko zophuhliso lwenkqubo kunye neendleko zophuhliso lwemveliso. Ngokomzekelo, ukuveliswa kwe-IC kufana nokwenza iibhanti eziqhumayo. Abanye abapheki basebenza ngokukhethekileyo ekwenzeni iindidi ngeendidi zeebhanti ezinezaliso ezahlukeneyo, iimilo, ubungakanani, kunye nemibala ngokokuthanda kwabathengi (imfuno yentengiso). Abanye abapheki kuphela iibhanzi zomphunga, kwaye bayile amaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo, amaxesha, kunye nezixa zomphunga ngokweemfuno zeebhanti ezahlukeneyo ukwenza iibhanti eziqhunyisiweyo zilungile. Inkosi yangaphambili ifana nophuhliso lwemveliso ye-IC, kwaye inkosi yokugqibela ilingana nophuhliso lwenkqubo ye-IC. Kuba iinkonzo zesiseko sokwenziwa kwe-IC ngoku zisephezulu, uphuhliso lwenkqubo luhlala lusenziwa ngabaseki. Baphuhlisa ukuhamba kwenkqubo esemgangathweni, ukuze iinkampani ze-IC zifune kuphela ukugxila kuphuhliso lwemveliso.

Ngale ndlela, iindleko zophuhliso eziqhelekileyo nazo zikwayindleko yophuhliso lwemveliso. Le nxalenye yeendleko kunye nemingcipheko yotyalo-mali iphezulu kakhulu. Le mingcipheko ihlala ingaveli kwitekhnoloji ngokwayo kodwa ivela kwimarike, oko kukuthi, ukuba imveliso oyiphuhlisayo yamkelwe yintengiso. Ukuba imveliso ephuhlisiweyo yamkelwe yimarike. Iindleko zophuhliso ezahlulwe ngeentengiso zizonke zihlala zingahoywa. Kodwa ukuba ayamkelekanga kwiimarike, ke olu tyalo-mali lufana nokuphonswa emanzini. Kukho isenzeko esingaqhelekanga. Iimveliso ezisebenzisa ubuchwephesha obutsha zisenokungathandwa ngabathengi, kwaye ezo mveliso zamkelwa yimarike zihlala zigxekwa ngobuchule zezinye iingcali. Imizekelo yoku ixhaphakile. Iindleko zezinto eziphathekayo zibandakanya iindleko zokwenziwa kweetshiphu kunye neendleko zokupakisha. Ukusetyenzwa kwetshiphu kufana nje neebhanti ezibilayo. Ukuba umthamo kukuphunga iibhanti ezingama-50 ngexesha, ngoko ke nokuba uqhumisa ibhanti enye ngexesha okanye uphunga iibhanti ezingama-50, iindleko ziyafana. Into ephambili kukuba indleko yokuhla kwexabiso lezixhobo ngumsebenzi wexesha kwaye ayinanto yakwenza nemveliso. Ukuhla kwexabiso lokuvelisa iiyunithi ze-10,000 kunye neeyunithi ze-100,000 ngexesha elifanayo lexesha lifanayo, kodwa umlinganiselo we-amortization ngamaxesha angama-10 ahlukeneyo. Ukuba ezinye izinto ziyalingana, iindleko ziya kwahluka nge-10. Ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokuhla kwexabiso lezixhobo ze-IC yiminyaka emi-4 (okanye iminyaka emi-5), kwaye ixabiso libiza kakhulu. Iindleko ze-IC zilingana nokusetyenziswa kwamandla.

Kwangaxeshanye, ii-ICs zenziwe kwii-silicon wafers. Ngaphantsi kwendawo enye ye-silicon chip, incinci indawo ye-IC enye, inani elikhulu le-ICs equlethwe kwi-silicon chip. Iziqwenga ze-silicon ezinobungakanani obufanayo ziyilwe ngobubanzi bomgca ohlukeneyo, kwaye ubuninzi buhluka kakhulu. Iindleko zokusetyenzwa kwe-silicon yewafer nganye ziyafana. Ukuba likhulu kwenani, kokukhona lisezantsi ixabiso le-IC nganye. Yingakho ububanzi bomgca we-ICs buyancipha kakhulu, kwaye kubonakala ngathi akukho siphelo. Ukunciphisa iindleko yeyona nto inamandla okuqhuba. Iindleko ze-IC ububanzi bomgca. Ngokufanayo, ukuba ububanzi be-silicon wafer buyanda, indawo yayo yonyuka ngokulinganayo, inani le-ICs kwi-silicon wafer yonyuka ngokukhawuleza, kwaye izinga lokupasa kwe-chip liyenyuka ngaxeshanye. Kungenxa yoko le nto indawo yee-silicone wafers iqhubekile nokukhula kule minyaka idlulileyo: i-intshi ezi-5, ii-intshi ezi-6, ii-intshi ezi-8, ii-intshi ezili-12 ... Ukuncipha kweendleko ze-IC kukunciphisa ubungakanani be-silicon wafers. Ukunciphisa ubungakanani bepakethi kukwahamba, okungahambelani kuphela neemfuno zeemveliso ze-elektroniki zibe zincinci kwaye zilula, kodwa zinciphisa kakhulu iindleko zokupakisha, ngakumbi izixhobo zombane. Ngenxa yomthamo omkhulu wokupakisha, i-akhawunti yeendleko zokupakisha Inxalenye enkulu yeendleko zemveliso yonke. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, izixhobo ziyimali, kwaye ezi azizozinto eziqhelekileyo.

Ukunciphisa ububanzi bomgca kunye nomthamo kubaluleke kakhulu kwii-ICs zedijithali. Ngelixa ukunciphisa ubungakanani kunye nobunzima beemveliso ze-elektroniki, ikwanyusa isantya sokusebenza sesekethe kwaye inciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Kodwa oku akunjalo kumandla e-ICs. Ngaba ufumene ukuba ukuthembeka kwe-7805 yangoku akulunganga njengangaphambili? Ewe, ngaphandle kokuba imveliso yayo ephezulu yangoku iye yehla ukusuka kwi-1.5A yangaphambili ukuya kwi-1A yangoku, umda wamandla oqobo wolawulo lwangaphakathi uphantse walahleka njengoko indawo ye-chip iyancipha. Ukongeza, ukupakishwa kwayo kokuqala yayiyintsimbi ye-TO-3, kwaye kamva yayiyiplastiki + yesinyithi TO-220. Ngoku uninzi lwazo zonke-zeplastiki i-TO-220F, ezinciphisa ubunzima, ubungakanani, kunye neendleko. Iza kusilela ngoko nangoko xa sele igcwele kakhulu. Ke ngoko, ukuba usayila iimveliso ngokwemikhwa yakho yantlandlolo, kuya kuba lula ukungena kwiingxaki. Phantse zonke izixhobo zamandla, kubandakanywa ii-IC, ii-transistors (ii-MOSFET, ii-bipolar transistors, ii-diode), njl., zineengxaki ezinjalo. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, umenzi ukunike isalathisi kwaye ushiye umda othile kuyo. Ngoku ikunika isalathisi sokwenyani. Akukho mda. Kufuneka ugcine umda ngokwakho! Kungenjalo ukhetha i-xxxxA, okanye ngcono i-xxxxB. Ewe, amaxabiso nawo anyukile. Igama elikhuthazayo: ubuvulindlela kunye nokusungula izinto ezintsha; igama elibi: ukusika iikona!

 

6. Ukukhethwa kweMveliso Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba ukuthenga yeyona nto iphambili ekulawuleni iindleko kunye nengxoxo, kodwa andicingi njalo. Enyanisweni, isiseko solawulo lweendleko asikho ezandleni zomthengi. Xa i-BOM isezandleni zomthengi, sele iphekiwe, kwaye yinto eqinisekileyo. Ubukrelekrele babathengi kukukhenkceza kuphela kwikeyiki. Isitshixo kulawulo lwamaxabiso silele kwi-R&D. Ukuba ufuna ukuphuhlisa okanye ukuhlaziya iimveliso, zeziphi iimveliso (amacandelo) omele ukhethe kwaye kubani? Imisela iindleko zeemveliso ezigqityiweyo kwixesha elizayo. Ndicinga ukuba ukhetho lwemveliso kufuneka luzame ukuthembela kwiimveliso ezinomthamo omkhulu wemveliso kunye namaxabiso akhuphisana ngokupheleleyo kwimarike. Izixhobo zombane, ii-microcontrollers, ii-interface circuits, even relays, sensors, njl.njl. zonke zingasetyenziselwa ireferensi, kubandakanywa oomabonakude, iikhompyutha, iitablet, ii-air conditioners, induction cookers, remote controls, iibhayisekile zombane, vacuum cleaners, iimitha zombane, iimitha zamanzi, iirotha ezingenazingcingo, iimonitha zekhompyuter, abashicileli Kwaye ezinye iimveliso zedijithali njalo njalo. Ziziphi iinxalenye abazisebenzisayo? Ukuba la macandelo anokwenza, kufuneka ukhethe ezi ngaphandle kokuthandabuza. Ngoba? Kuba ezi mveliso ziveliswa ngobuninzi, zinochuku kakhulu kumaxabiso. Ukuba iindleko zokusebenza aziphezulu kwaye umgangatho awuthembekanga ngokwaneleyo, aziyi kusetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Kule meko, ngokuqinisekileyo akukho mfuneko yokuba sifune enye indlela. Nangona sisenokungakwazi ukufumana ixabiso elifanayo kwaba bavelisi, iindleko ezibanzi zezi ntlobo kufuneka zibe zezona zikhuphisanayo. Ngelo xesha, ngenxa yobuninzi, kuya kubakho abavelisi abaninzi bokuqala ababonelela ngeemveliso ezifanayo okanye ezihambelanayo, ngoko ngaba ukubonelela kunye nexabiso akuyi kuqinisekiswa ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo? Nje ukuba ube netshiphu ekujoliswe kuyo, ngumbuzo wokuba ungakhetha kubani. Ungakujongeli phantsi ukuba ukhethe kubani. Ngubani oza kukhetha kuye oza kugqiba ukuba ngubani oza kuthenga iimveliso kwixesha elizayo. Ekubeni umzi-mveliso wokuqala uqhele ukusebenzisa inkqubo yobhaliso yolawulo lwee-arhente, oko kukuthi, xa umthengi kunye ne-arhente befikelele kwisivumelwano, umthengi ubhaliswa njengomthengi we-arhente. Ngeli xesha, ezinye ii-arhente azikwazi ukubonelela ngeenkonzo kunye neemveliso kulo mthengi ngaphandle kweemeko ezikhethekileyo. Ngokufanayo, lo mthengi akakwazi ukufumana enye iarhente enokubonelela ngeemveliso kunye neenkonzo. Ngamafutshane, xa omabini amaqela eqinisekisa injongo yawo yokusebenzisana, umthengi uba ngumthengi we-arhente ethile. Ngoko ke, kufuneka uqaphele ukuba ukhetha bani imveliso. Kungcono ukushiya lo mbandela ekuthengeni. Ngokubanzi, bazi ngcono kuneenjineli zeR&D, kwaye luxanduva lwabo.

 

Lumka: Kuthetha ukuthini ukufikelela kwimvumelwano? Ngamanye amaxesha ucinga ukuba ndiye ndabonisana ne-FAE yale arhente kwimiba ethile yobugcisa, kwaye ulwazi endilucelileyo lwalungaphakathi konxibelelwano kodwa aluzange luqinisekise intsebenziswano yexesha elizayo. Kwenzeka njani ukuba ndibhaliswe njengomthengi wale arhente? Kodwa i-arhente isenokungayiboni ngolu hlobo. Ukunikile iinkonzo, kwaye awungomthengi wezinye iiarhente. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ungumthengi wakhe, kwaye ii-odolo zexesha elizayo zinokufakwa apha kuphela. Ngoko ke, ngamanye amaxesha omabini amaqela kufuneka anikele ingqalelo kwaye azame ukuchaza izinto kwangaphambili ukuze aphephe ukungaqondakali kwaye enze wonke umntu angonwabi kwixesha elizayo. Umthengi unesimo sengqondo esihle. Xa engakhange enze isigqibo sokuba yeyiphi i-arhente yokusebenzisana nayo kwixesha elizayo, unxibelelwano akufanele lube lunzulu kakhulu ukuphepha ukungaqondi. Kakade ke, ezinye ii-arhente nazo kufuneka zibe nesisa ngakumbi. Ukuba ayigqithisi kakhulu, ungakhathazeki ngayo. Abathengi banokuqhagamshelana nomenzi wokuqala ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa ukuba ayingomthengi omkhulu ngokwaneleyo, umenzi wokuqala udla ngokuzisa umthengi kwi-arhente yabo. Cinga ngako, vumela umenzi wokuqala acebise i-arhente, okanye uzifumanele ngokwakho ngqo? I-Dayuan Factory ihlala inoluhlu olude lweearhente. Baneeofisi namasebe phantse kulo lonke ilizwe. Ngubani endifanele ndikhangele? Imeko ye-arhente nganye yahlukile, kwaye iindlela zokuthengisa kunye nezicwangciso nazo zihluke kakhulu.Abanye bazizityebi kakhulu, bajika izandla zabo zibe ngamafu kunye nemvula, kwaye banomdla wokwenza amashishini amakhulu kunye nokwenza amashishini amakhulu. Abanye banomdla wokugxila kumasimi athile, benethemba lokuba yinkokeli kweli candelo kwaye bathathe esi sithathu kwisithathu sehektare. Ukuba ii-odolo zexesha elizayo zinkulu, amandla emali e-arhente nawo aya kuvavanywa. Ukuba akukho ngxaki enjalo, kufuneka ucinge nge-arhente enemveliso ezinikeleyo kunye neengcali kunye nenkxaso yobugcisa. Iiarhente zobuchwephesha zihlala zikwazi ngcono ukunika iingcebiso zobungcali. Umzekelo: ezinye izixhobo zombane ophezulu zinexabiso eliphantsi kunezixhobo zamandla aphantsi. ngoba? Kuba inabathengi abaninzi bale modeli kwaye inempahla eninzi, ixabiso ngenene lingcono. Ngamanye amaxesha, iiarhente ziya kukhokela ngengqondo abanye abathengi abanamandla aphantsi ukuba basebenzise izixhobo zakhe zamandla aphezulu. Kubasebenzisi, kutheni ungakhethi izixhobo eziphezulu zamandla ngexabiso elifanayo okanye eliphantsi? Ixabiso liyinzuzo, ukuthembeka kuphezulu, kwaye ulawulo lwe-inventri lulula. Kwi-arhente, ngale ndlela inzuzo yakhe ekufumaneni iimpahla inokuqiniswa ngakumbi, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, umngcipheko we-inventri ungancitshiswa (iintlobo ezimbalwa, eziphantsi komngcipheko we-inventory).

Ngokuqinisekileyo, kukho enye indawo yee-arhente. Ungasifumana phi esinye isixhobo kunye nexabiso elinjalo ngaphandle kwam? Ndizakubambelela nje kwesi sithathu somhlaba wehektare. Zuza abanye kunye nawe, wonke umntu uyonwabile! (Uxolo, ngoku kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi "win-win") Ukuze ugcine lo mhlaba weehektare ezintathu, i-arhente nayo yasebenza nzima kwaye yachitha imali eyaneleyo. I-FAE eyaneleyo kunye neyobuchwephesha idla ngokuba ziindlela zabo eziphambili. Ngokuqinisekileyo, oku kuyinzuzo kubathengi. I-FAE yobuchwephesha inokubonelela ngeenkonzo zobugcisa zasimahla zokuphucula imveliso kunye nophuhliso. Ukusuka kuyilo lwereferensi ukuya kwiZisombululo ezipheleleyo. Ukuba kukho naziphi na iingxaki kwimveliso, sihlala sifowunelwa kwaye sinokucombulula ngokukhawuleza. Ungakhetha njani ngakumbi malunga nenqanaba lenkonzo enjalo? Ngenxa yeendidi ezigxininisiweyo, ezi arhente zigcinwe kakuhle. Bahlala bebeka ii-odolo ezingasekelwanga kwii-odolo zabathengi ezivela kumzi-mveliso wokuqala, kodwa ngokusekelwe kuqikelelo lwemfuno yabathengi. Ngamanye amaxesha, baya kuphinda bathathe ithuba lexabiso elihle lokufumana isixa sempahla ngokusekwe kubonelelo kunye nemfuno yemeko yomzi-mveliso wokuqala. Ngale ndlela, izicelo zabathengi bempahla ziqinisekisiwe nangaliphi na ixesha. Unikezelo oluqinisekisiweyo kunye nokuhanjiswa ngexesha elifanelekileyo ngamanye amaxesha kubaluleke kakhulu kum kunexabiso. Amava afanayo akhona kunye ne-microcontrollers (MCUs) (qaphela, oomatshini banamhlanje be-8-bit bavame ukuba nexabiso eliphantsi kunoomatshini be-4-bit).

Iiarhente zibonelela ngeetshiphusi ezisetyenziswa ngoku kwizixhobo zasekhaya. Unokukhetha itshiphusi enye okanye ezimbini ezinenkumbulo enkulu kunye nojongano oluninzi lokuphatha zonke iimveliso. Lungiselela iPCB emanyeneyo kwaye uphinde ubhale iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zeemveliso ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba ufuna kwakhona i-interface ye-A / D yokuguqulwa, intengo ye-microcontroller ene-interface ye-A / D ihluke ngokupheleleyo. kwenziwe ntoni? Ngethamsanqa, ukuba ukuchaneka kokuguqulwa akukona phezulu, i-FAE ye-arhente iya kuncoma isiphaluka esincinci esinokufanisa i-interface ye-A / D kunye namacandelo amathathu, kwaye le ngxaki iya kuxazululwa. Ndingenza ntoni ukuba imveliso ikhethekile kwaye andikwazi ukufumana imveliso yereferensi okwethutyana? Kukho umgaqo: xa ukhetha imveliso, zama ukuziqhelanisa nemveliso endaweni yokuvumela imveliso iqhelane nam. Ithini intsingiselo? Xa ukhetha iimodeli, ungaqhagamshelana neearhente ezininzi kwaye umamele iFAE yazo kunye neentshayelelo zentengiso. Ukuba ufuna ukukhetha i-MOSFET, ungafumanisa ukuba zeziphi iimodeli eziphambili neziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa kuluhlu olufunekayo lwesicelo? Ukuba iiparamitha eziphambili ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zesicelo kodwa ezinye iiparamitha azifanelekanga, ngaba unokucinga ngeendlela zokwenza utshintsho oluthile? Umzekelo: ukuba ukuvuza kwangoku kukhulu kwaye i-on-resistance inkulu, jonga kuqala ukuba inokoyiswa? Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukulungisa isekethe ukuze ihambelane nesi sixhobo ekujoliswe kuso? Kuluhlu olude lwemveliso yefektri yokuqala, ngokwenene kukho izixhobo ezininzi ezijoliswe kwiimarike ezithile zangaphandle kunye nabathengi abathile. Azikhuthazwa kwiimarike zaseTshayina kwaye azifane zisetyenziswe ngabathengi.

Ukuba ucinga nje ukuba kulula kakhulu kwisicelo sakho kwaye ukhethe le modeli, uya kuhlala uneengxaki ezingapheliyo. Kungathatha iiveki ezininzi ukufaka isicelo seesampuli. Ngenxa yokuba umenzi wokuqala engayicebisi, ayifumaneki kwilayibrari yesampulu kwaye i-FAE ayinayo esandleni. Iiodolo zePP zinzima ngakumbi. Ukuba ubuncinci bomthamo we-odolo (MOQ) awufikelelwanga, ngaba i-arhente iya kusingatha ubungakanani obungaphezulu okanye uya kuyigcina? Ukuba i-PP ayihambanga kakuhle kwaye enye iPP iyafuneka kodwa ubuninzi be-original extra quantity lusalahlekile, kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi. Ewe, iPP iphumelele ekugqibeleni, kwaye ingxaki yeMP iye yavela. I-Forecast kufuneka ichaneke kwaye i-PO ayinakuguqulwa. Kunzima kubathengi bangoku ukwenza oku. Kulungile, nokuba uyayenza. Ukuba kukho nayiphi na ingxaki ekuhanjisweni komzi-mveliso wokuqala, ngoko kuya kuba sisikhalo sokungaphenduli yonke imihla, kunye nesikhalo sokungaphumeleli! Ndingayifumana phi imithombo yempahla kunye nezinto ezitshintshileyo? Ngubani onokukunceda? Ukuba ulinda de kuphele unyaka ukuze uthethe namaxabiso, ungathethathethana njani ukuze uthenge? Kulihlazo elikhulu kwi-arhente ukugcina ixabiso lokuqala, kuba bona ngokwabo sele betshisiwe! Xa iimpahla zifika, abathengi abazilandeli ngexesha; xa uluhlu lwempahla lwenzeka ukuba luphelile, abathengi bayakhala kwaye bakhalaze. Ngubani na onokuyinyamezela? Ke ngoko, ukukhethwa kwecandelo le-R&D kubaluleke kakhulu xa kuphuculwa kwaye kuphuhliswa iimveliso. Ukukhetha iimveliso "zesiqhelo" ziya kufumana isiphumo esiphindwe kabini ngesiqingatha somzamo. Nje ukuba ukhethe imodeli, uya kukwazi ukwenza ukuthenga kwixesha elizayo ngokulula; kungenjalo, kuya kuba nzima ukuhla.

Ukuba nabani na ucinga ukuba ukuncitshiswa kweendleko kumalunga nokulibazisa intlawulo ngokuthenga kunye nokudlala amaqhinga, baya kujongelwa phantsi ngokwenene. Kulunge ngakumbi ukuba nembono ekude kangako, uzuze, kwaye uhlonelwe ngabanye.

 

Iindleko kunye nexabiso leemveliso eziqhelekileyo Xa usebenza nee-arhente, akunakuphepheka ukuthetha ngexabiso ekugqibeleni. Ngoku siyaziqonda iimveliso zesemiconductor kunye nokwakhiwa kweendleko zazo, masibuyele kwishishini. Siyaqonda ukuba ixabiso lemveliso limiselwa yimarike kunento ebizwa ngokuba yindleko (ngaphandle kweemveliso ezizodwa). Nokuba siyayiqonda indleko yale mveliso kwaye sinombono wayo, akukho mfuneko yokuyikhankanya xa sixoxa ngexabiso, kuba ixabiso lishishini lomchasi kwaye alinanto yakwenza nawe! Utshilo, kodwa elinye iqela alizange lonwabe. Ixabiso lemarike yemveliso yi-yuan eyi-1. Nokuba ixabiso liyisenti e-1 kuphela, akayi kukuthengisela ngeesenti ezili-9. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba ixabiso lakhe li-yuan ezi-2, awuyi kumfakela i-odolo nge-yuan ezi-2 ngobudenge. Isizathu silula, imarike inquma ixabiso kwaye ayinanto yakwenza neendleko. Ngubani esifanele sithenge imveliso ngexabiso lemarike ye-yuan eyi-1, i-arhente? Umrhwebi? Kwimveliso exabiso layo lemarike yiyuan eyi-1, ngaba singalwela ixabiso leesenti ezisi-9, 8, 9, 5, okanye ngaphantsi?

Ndicinga ukuba sinokuqala ukwahlula amacandelo afanele ukuthengwa abe ngamacandelo amabini: injongo-jikelele kunye nenjongo ekhethekileyo. Into ebizwa ngokuba yi-universal ibhekisela kwezinye iimveliso eziveliswa ngabavelisi abaninzi ezinokubakho jikelele kunye nokuhambelana. Ezinje: 78xx series, 74xxxx logic series, kunye nezinye iiamplifiers ezisebenzayo, i-voltage comparators, MOSFETs, diode, transistors, njl. Iimpawu zezi mveliso zezi: ixabiso eliphantsi, ukuguquguquka okunamandla, kunye nabavelisi abaninzi. Ukuthengwa kwezi mveliso, ndicinga ukuba kungcono ukuthenga kubathengisi. Abathengisi ekubhekiselwe kubo apha babhekisa kwiinkampani ezinomlinganiselo othile, isixa esikhulu se-inventri yendawo, kunye nesiqinisekiso sasemva kokuthengisa, okufanayo ngezantsi. (Abanye abarhwebi okwangoku bancinci ngokwesikali kwaye ngokusisiseko abanalo uluhlu lwempahla kwaye bahlala bekhangela iimpahla ezisekelwe kwii-odolo zabathengi. Ubukho bezi nkampani kufuneka bube nengqiqo kunye nexabiso labo. Ndingawasebenzisa njani amandla abo ukuze ndizuze? Siza kuxoxa ngayo? kamva.) Ungazama ukufumana i-arhente ngomyalelo we-7805 1kk kwaye ubone ukuba bayakwamkela ngoncumo. Ngoba? Kuba nokuba eli shishini linokuqaliswa ngempumelelo, i-1KK iya kubiza kuphela malunga ne-100K ngenyanga ngokwe-avareji. Nokuba ixabiso leyunithi li-$0.10, lishishini le-10,000 yeedola zase-US. Ukuba kukho i-5% inzuzo enkulu, iya kubiza kuphela i-3,000 RMB

Makhe sijonge le arhente kwakhona. Okokuqala, kufuneka benze iiForecasts kubavelisi bokuqala. Kwezi mveliso ezingenalo umxholo wezobuchwepheshe, ixabiso eliphantsi, kwaye "ungenzi" imali, abavelisi bokuqala bahlala bewabela. Uqikelelo olwenziwa ziiarhente zihlala zivaliwe. Imela enye; Ekugqibeleni ndakwazi ukuyiguqulela kwi-PO, kwaye i-factory yokuqala ayiyi kuqinisekisa ixesha lokuhambisa kuwe. Nangona kunjalo, xa uyifumana kwinkqubo, uya kuba ulungele ukukhupha isatifikethi kwaye uthathe iimpahla; ukuba ilibazisekile kwinkqubo, awunyanzelekanga ukuba uyingxame. Nokuba ungandicenga, akukho mntu uya kukuhoya. Ngoko ke, ukuba ufika kwangethuba, kufuneka uyiphathe kwaye uyibeke kwindawo yokugcina impahla. Le nto inzima kwaye ithatha indawo. Xa ndifika emva kwexesha, abathengi beza kundikhumbuza yonke imihla kwaye bandoyikise ngamaxesha athile. Ekugqibeleni kunokwenzeka ukuthumela iimpahla, kodwa umthengi ufuna ukuba uthumele i-courier kuba umgca wemveliso usemva kwexesha. Owu thixo wam, ingahanjiswa njani le nto ngokuhanjiswa okucacileyo? Kodwa ayikho enye indlela, ngubani oza kufika emva kwexesha? Ekugqibeleni, xa ifika kumthengi, kusekho i-30 kunye neentsuku ze-60 zokulinda inyanga nenyanga. Ngeli xesha lide, amaxabiso nawo aya kutshintsha. Ukuba ixabiso lemarike liphakama, abathengi baya kuthi, "Kukho isivumelwano sokuqala, kwaye siya kuyenza ngokwekhontrakthi." Ukuba ixabiso lehla, abathengi baya kuthi, "Inkokeli yethu yathi, ngoku ixabiso liphantsi, kufuneka ndenze ntoni?" Ndingalihlawula ityala ngexabiso lokuqala? Emva kwalo mjikelo, ukuba usenokufumana i-yuan ezili-10 okanye ezisi-8 kwiiyuan ezingama-3,000, uya kuba nethamsanqa ngaphandle kokuphulukana nemali. yengxaki nabathengi. Nangona ii-arhente zisebenze nzima, zilibazise ukuveliswa, kwaye ukuba iinkokeli zibagxeka, ngaba abathengi baya kubonakala belungile kubo? Ukuba anithanga nide nibe ngabahlobo ekugqibeleni, yilahleko engakumbi kunenzuzo. Ngubani na onako ukuyithwala le ntuthumbo? Kwezi mveliso jikelele, ii-arhente zikulungele ukujongana nabathengisi kunye nabarhwebi. Ekuqaleni konyaka, ndiqale ndenza i-Forecast ye-xxxKK kwaye ndalinda ukuba umenzi wokuqala angene kwaye ayidlulisele kwi-PO. Ukuba iimpahla bezingekho, abarhwebi bebengayi kundingxamela. Nangona kunjalo, babenezitokhwe okanye ezinye iimpawu ezikhoyo. Xa iimpahla zifika khawunditsalele umnxeba balungiselele ukuzozilanda, imali izocinywa. Yiza ngesandla esinye kwaye uhambe nesinye, nokuba inqaku elinye okanye ezimbini ziya kwenza imali. Ukuba umthengi wokugqibela ufumana i-arhente, bazimisele ngakumbi ukwazisa umthengi kubathengisi babo kunye nabarhwebi, kwaye wonke umntu uyavuya. Kumzi-mveliso wokuqala, kutheni uqhubeka nokuvelisa ukuba ayenzi mali? Ndicinga ukuba esona sizathu siphambili kukuba abanye abathengi abasebenzisa iitshiphusi zabo eziphambili kunye neechips ezinkulu bafuna ezi chips. Ukuyeka ukunikezelwa kwezi chips zincedisayo kunokuphulukana naba bathengi; kodwa esona sizathu sibalulekileyo kukuba: ukuveliswa kweemveliso ze-semiconductor kufuna "ibhalansi", oko kukuthi, Kukho imveliso emiselweyo yenyanga.

Kwaye imfuno yemarike inexesha elithile lonyaka, elibizwa ngokuba lixesha lokuphumla kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu. Nje ukuba iiodolo zemveliso zingonelanga, umzi-mveliso wokuqala uya kufuna ezi mveliso zininzi nezinomthamo omkhulu ukuze uzigcwalise. Yingakho ezi mveliso zihlala zi-odolwe ngaphandle kokwazi ixesha elichanekileyo lokuhambisa. Kubathengisi kunye nabarhwebi, banokuthwala i-3, i-4 okanye iibrendi ezingaphezulu ngaxeshanye. Ezi mveliso zifumaneka ngokubanzi kwaye zinokusetyenziswa yindlu nganye. Abakoyiki ukusilela, kwaye uninzi lweentsuku zokubuya emsebenzini ziba nde. Nokuba leliphi ixesha kunye nokuba yeyiphi na ivenkile enexabiso eliphantsi, ndiya kuthenga naluphi na uhlobo. Ngoko ke bane-inventri eninzi kwaye amaxesha amaninzi amaxabiso angcono. Ewe, xa uthenga, unokufumana abathengisi abaninzi abahlukeneyo ukuthelekisa amaxabiso. Awuyi kulahlekelwa nayiphi na ilahleko ngokuthenga ngeenxa zonke. Nokuba umrhwebi ofanayo unokujonga ukuba ngaba kukho umahluko kumaxabiso eemveliso ezahlukeneyo? Kutheni uzikhathaza ngokungafumani elona xabiso lilungileyo? Nangona kunjalo, mna ndivakalelwa kukuba akunantsingiselo ukuthelekisa ngokuthe ngqo kwixabiso, kuba zifana ngokuqinisekileyo. Kwanele ukujonga inkonzo kunye nodumo lwenkampani kwaye ujolise kwiinkampani enye okanye ezimbini. Intsebenziswano yexesha elide yenza wonke umntu akhululeke kwaye onwabe. Ixabiso libalulekile. Awunako ukwenza nantoni na oyifunayo. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, oku kukubonakalisa inqanaba lakho lomsebenzi kunye nobuchule, kunye nokuthenjwa komphathi wakho kunye neenkokeli. Kodwa musa ukuthabatheka kakhulu. Ukuba kukho iingxaki kumgangatho womthengisi okanye ukuhanjiswa kwayo, iingeniso ezincinci ozenzileyo ziya kube zicinyiwe ngaphandle komkhondo. Kuzilimaza kwaye ayilunganga nakwinkampani.

 

8. Iindleko kunye neXabiso leeMveliso eziKhethekileyo Ndithetha ukuthini ngemveliso ezinikeleyo (IC)? Enyanisweni, andazi ukuba ndingayichaza njani ngokwam. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwabo ngokuqhelekileyo kuthe ngqo, okufana: iitshiphusi ze-LCD ze-TV, ii-chips zekhompyutha ze-tablet, iitshiphusi ze-set-top box, njl. Umzekelo, ezinye ii-microcontrollers kunye neetshiphusi ze-DSP zinemihlaba emininzi yesicelo, kodwa sihlala sizihlela njengee-chips ezinenjongo eyodwa. Iiarhente aziyi kucaphula ezinye iitshiphusi ngaphandle kokucoca i-ins kunye nokuphuma kwabathengi. Abasebenzisi bezi chips abayi kubanika iiarhente ngaphandle koqinisekiso oluvela kumenzi wokuqala. Ndivakalelwa kukuba ezi kufanele ukuba ziitshiphusi ezikhethekileyo esihlala sizikhankanya. Iindleko zeesekethe ezidibeneyo zihlulwe ngokubanzi kwiindleko zokuvelisa, iindleko zophuhliso kunye neendleko zokuthengisa, kodwa ngokwenene ezi zizonke zi-akhawunti ezididayo. Ngapha koko, zeziphi iiakhawunti ezixelwe ngezihlandlo ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba isiphaluka esihlanganisiweyo senziwa ngumenzi ngokwawo, ukuhla kwexabiso lezixhobo kubangela ubuninzi beendleko zokuvelisa. Kodwa esi sixhobo asivelisi le mveliso kuphela. Indlela yokwaba ngokufanelekileyo le nxalenye yeendleko? Ukongeza kwii-silicon wafers, amanye amanzi, umbane, kunye negesi nazo zabelwana ngazo. Ukuba umthamo wemveliso ugcwele ngokupheleleyo, kulungile. Ukuba umthamo wemveliso uyintsalela, ngubani oza kuthwala iindleko zenxalenye eseleyo? Haha, le ayisiyo mali incinci.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuba i-chip kunye nephakheji ikhutshwe ngaphandle, ngoko ke ukubalwa kweendleko zokuvelisa kulula. Ngapha koko, ixabiso lokulungisa labanye lixabiso lokwenziwa kwe-IC. Iindleko zophuhliso yeyona nto imbi kakhulu. Owona mbuzo ulula ngowokuba, ngaba imivuzo kasihlalo neCEO ijongwa njengeendleko zophuhliso? Ngapha koko, le bhasikithi inokuqulatha nantoni na oyifunayo. Ukungena nzulu, ukuba iindleko zophuhliso ziyintlawulo emiselweyo, ngoko ke yimalini ekwabelwana ngayo yi-IC nganye? Uphuhliso lwemveliso luza kuqala, kwaye intengiso iza kamva. Oku kunjalo kunzima ukuthetha. Ukuba kukho ubungakanani obujoliswe kuyo xa imveliso iphuhliswa, kodwa kumjikelezo wobomi ukususela ekuqaleni kokuthengisa ukuya ekuphelisweni kokugqibela kwemveliso, inani langempela lokuthengisa liya kuba neminyaka emininzi kamva (ngokuqinisekileyo, ngamanye amaxesha iinyanga eziliqela) , kwaye ubukhulu bolu phambuko lobuninzi bukhulu kakhulu. Umahluko phakathi kwe-1 yezigidi kunye ne-10 yezigidi ngamaxesha angama-10. Ke ngoko, ukuba umthengisi uxoxa nawe ngexabiso kwaye aqhayise malunga nokuba zingakanani na iindleko zophuhliso, ingqondo yakho inokubhadula kwaye icinge ngamazwi engoma yakudala: hleka. Akukafiki ixesha lokuba ubuyele ezingqondweni xa ixabiso lixoxisana.

Iindleko zokuthengisa nazo ziyinxalenye enkulu, kubandakanywa ukuthengiswa kwangaphambili kunye nasemva kokuthengisa. Ngaphambili, izicelo ze-IC bezilula ngokwentelekiso, kwaye iinjineli zezicelo zabavelisi bezinokuzenzela ngokwazo. Kule mihla, ii-ICs ziphuhlisa ukuya kwinqanaba lenkqubo. Ukongeza kwi-hardware, zikwanxulumene ngokusondeleyo nesoftware kunye nesoftware yomntu wesithathu. Abathengi abasanelisekanga ngoyilo olulula lwereferensi kodwa bafuna iseti epheleleyo yezisombululo zesicelo. Oku kungaphaya kwamandla abenzi be-IC ngokwabo. Kuya kufuneka basebenzisane neenkampani zoyilo zeqela lesithathu ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabathengi, kwaye bade bafune ukuthenga isoftwe efanelekileyo yomntu wesithathu ukuyinika abathengi simahla. Inkonzo yasemva kokuthengisa nayo iyabiza. Ukuba abathengi baneengxaki emva kokusebenzisa imveliso, nokuba sithini na isizathu, umenzi we-IC udla ngokuba ngowokuqala ukuqhagamshelwana naye. Babecinga ukuba umzi-mveliso wokuqala unokuwusingatha. Enyanisweni, oku akunjalo. Ekubeni uvavanyo luhlala lukhutshwa ngaphandle (ubuncinci isofthiwe yokuvavanya ikhutshwe ngaphandle), uhlalutyo lokusilela kwemveliso alulula. Ngenxa yokuba uvavanyo lwemveliso yefektri luhlala lugqiba kuphela ukuba lufanelekile okanye alufaneleki, akukho mntu waziyo ukuba zeziphi iiparamitha ezingafanelekanga. Ukuba kukho iingxaki zenkqubo ezibandakanyekayo, umenzi ngokwawo akanakuze akwazi ukuzicombulula, kwaye iindleko ezongezelelweyo ziya kwenziwa.

Nangona utyalo-mali kwimveliso nganye ye-IC ukusuka ekuphuhlisweni ukuya ekungeneni kokugqibela kwimarike inkulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni na, siqhubeka sigxininisa ukuba kuphela ixabiso leemveliso ze-monopoly zemarike linxulumene "neendleko", ezifana ne: i-petroli, umbane, amanzi ompompo. , njl. Kuphela ngalo lonke ixesha "behlengahlengisa" amaxabiso kungenxa yokuba "iindleko" zinyuka. Akukho budlelwane phakathi kwamaxabiso emveliso ethengiswe ngokupheleleyo kunye neendleko. Amaxabiso ezinto eziphathekayo anyukile, amaxabiso ombane anyukile, namaxabiso abasebenzi anyukile. Ngaba uwabonile amaxabiso oomabonwakude, iikhompyutha, oomatshini bokuhlamba iimpahla neefriji enyuka? Uninzi lweemveliso ze-semiconductor (ngaphandle: amakhadi othutho ahlukeneyo, amakhadi ezonyango, kunye namakhadi ahlukeneyo ayimfuneko ebomini, umsebenzi, kunye neshishini) ziimveliso ezithengiswa ngokupheleleyo. Ixabiso leemveliso ze-semiconductor linokunyuswa kuphela ngokuqikelelwa, kungekhona ngokunyuka. Ixabiso le-IC livela phi? Ixabiso leemveliso eziqhelekileyo lihlala ligqitywa yimarike; ixabiso leemveliso ezizodwa lidla ngokumiselwa ngabakhuphisana nabo. Umzekelo: Iimodyuli ze-IGBT ze-inverter air conditioners zibonelelwa ngokusisiseko ziinkampani ezimbini, kwaye zikhuphisana. Amaxabiso entengiso yeemveliso aya kuhambelana ngokusisiseko nereferensi yomnye.

Unokunikela ingqalelo, kukho imizekelo emininzi ejikeleze. Kubalulekile ukuyiqonda le nto! Eyona njongo iphambili yokuthethathethana ngeendleko namaxabiso kukuthoba amaxabiso. Fumana indlela efanelekileyo kwaye uqale ukusika ngokucothayo. Abanye abahlobo bacinga ukuba ixabiso leemveliso eziqhelekileyo kulula ukuxoxisana kunye nokusika. Kuba baninzi ababoneleli kunye nokhuphiswano oluqatha, kulula ngabalobi ukuba benze ingeniso. Ababoneleli bemveliso ekhethekileyo badla ngokuba mnye okanye ababini. Banokuqondana okucokisekileyo omnye komnye kwaye akukho mfuneko yakuthetha-thethana ngexabiso! Noko ke, indlela endivakalelwa ngayo yahluke ngokupheleleyo.

 

Ukuba ngummeli oqeqeshiweyo we-brand edumileyo ye-IC kukusukela abathengisi abaninzi be-IC, ukuseka umfanekiso weshishini olungileyo wenkampani (imisebenzi, imali, njl.); ukuqinisekisa ushishino oluzinzileyo kunye nengeniso; ukugaya abakumgangatho ongcono kwiintengiso, njl njl. Izibonelelo zithetha ngokwazo. Unokwenza njani ukuba ube ngummeli onjalo ngokukhawuleza? Andiqhubi ngabom. Phofu andiyazi. Andinayo impendulo yalo mbuzo. Ukuba bendikuxelele, kufanele ukuba ndiyaxoka, kungenjalo ngendi...

Kwivenkile yeencwadi kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya, iTV yedemo ihlala idlala iluphu yomntu ohlohla ngolawulo nolawulo lweshishini. Isandi kunye neemvakalelo zixutywe, kwaye kuchukumisa kakhulu ukuyiphulaphula. Kodwa xa ndakhwela inqwelo-moya ndaza ndazola ndaza ndacinga, kwabonakala ukuba akunjalo kwaphela. Bahlala bebabiza ngokuba ngabahlohli, kodwa abafane babe ngoosomashishini. Isizathu silula ngolo hlobo. Okokuqala, oosomashishini abanalo ixesha lokuphumla. Okwesibini, oosomashishini abanalo ixesha lokufumana imali. Banokuba nalo njani ixesha lokucinga ngokwenza imali? Ewe, bakhona oosomashishini abapapasha iincwadi kwaye banike neentetho. Nangona kunjalo, ngaba uyawakholelwa amabali abo empumelelo namava? Andikholelwa kunjalo! Kutshanje, ndiye ndadibana nomsebenzisi womzi-mveliso wokuqala waseYurophu kwaye ndathetha ngentengiso yaseTshayina. Iingcinga, ukuqonda nezinto awayezifuna zazisikhuthaza. Le yinkampani yeteknoloji yeaudio esekwe kakuhle yaseYurophu enganikeli kuphela iilayisenisi zetekhnoloji enelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kodwa ikwavelisa ii-IC. Isetyenziselwa ikakhulu ulwahlulo lwamaza, ukuhanjiswa, ukukhuliswa, njl njl kwi-pre-audio, kwaye isetyenziswa kwii-microphone, abaxube, kunye ne-preamplifiers. Babengakwazi ukubamba imakethi enkulu yaseTshayina. Ekuqaleni basebenzisa i-arhente yaphesheya ukukhuthaza nokuthengisa kwilizwe, kodwa baqonda ukuba elinye iqela lalisele lingaphezu kwamandla abo, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe baqonda: Kukho abantu abathetha isiTshayina kwaye banokwenza izinto zesiTshayina. AmaShayina aphesheya kweelwandle, amaTaiwanese, amaHong Kongers, abemi belizwe, njl.njl. bonke baneendlela zabo zoshishino, kwaye abantu abahlala kweli lizwe kufuneka bafaneleke ngakumbi kubathengi belizwe.

Ngenxa yoko, baqala ukucinga malunga nokukhangela "iingcali" zeearhente kwilizwe laseTshayina. Yiyiphi imigangatho yabo yomhla oyimfama? I-arhente ayikwazi ukuba nkulu kakhulu. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, le IC inobuchwephesha kwaye imakethi yesicelo inomda. I-arhente enkulu kakhulu ayikwazi ukukhathalela ishishini elincinci. Kakade ke, ayinakuba ncinane kakhulu. Ngapha koko, abasebenzi abathile kunye nokhuseleko lwezemali kusafuneka. . Phakathi kwazo, lowo ungaphuncukiyo ungoyena ubalaseleyo. Okwangoku, kufuneka sisebenze kule ndawo yesicelo kwaye sibe nenkxaso yesicelo sobuchwephesha. Ukuba ungaphuhlisa okanye udibanise izicelo, oko kuya kuba yi-icing kwikhekhe. Isizathu sabo sicacile kakhulu, oko kukuthi, ngokusebenzisa amaqabane, banokuqonda ngokukhawuleza imarike: Yintoni amandla alo shishino? Ngoobani abathathi-nxaxheba abaphambili (ababoneleli, abathengi)? Yeyiphi eyona ngqwalasela yomthengi, umgangatho, ixabiso, inkonzo yobugcisa? Sesiphi isisombululo esona silula ukungena, kunye nendlela yokwandisa emva kokungena? Ngaba kukho amajelo okuthengisa kwisiza ngokukhawuleza ukunceda ukwandisa intengiso yemveliso?

Umgangatho wawulula kwaye ungekho phezulu, kodwa ubunzima bokwenene bugqithise ukulindela kwabo. Kukho izindululo ezininzi zokuzincoma, kodwa "iingcali" ezinjalo kunye nabathengisi banqabile ngokwenene. Kufuneka kubekho, kodwa abakayifumani okwangoku. Emva kokutshintshiselana, ndabonakala ndinombono othile. Ewe! Bangaphi abahlobo bethu abafuna ukuvula iinkampani zabo "njengeevenkile zamayeza aseTshayina" ezinayo yonke into abayifunayo kwaye banokuthatha iiodolo, ezibizwa ngokuba yinkonzo "yokumisa". Ndiyoyika ukuba ukuba andinakukwazi ukuphatha bonke abathengi, ndiya kukhangela abanye abathengi, kwaye ekugqibeleni, nokuba yintoni endinokuyenza iya kuthatyathwa ngezinye iinkampani. Okanye banenkxalabo yokuba abathengi baya kucinga ukuba abanazo izixhobo zokuxhasa ngokwaneleyo kunye nobuchule obubuthathaka, kwaye abayi kukwazi ukufumana ii-odolo ezinkulu kwixesha elizayo. Ngale ndlela, ndiya ndisiya ndisiya kude "kwingcali". Abanye abahlobo baya kuthenga umgca wemveliso ixesha elide kangangoko banakho. Ngethuba nje imveliso ingaba yi-arhente, ndiya kuhlangabezana nazo zonke iimeko. Xa amaqela amabini enxibelelana, ahlala ebuza ukuba ndithengisa kangakanani, zingaphi iindawo zokuthengisa endinazo, zingaphi imigca yemveliso endinayo, bangaphi abathengisi kunye neenjineli endinazo. Yeyiphi eyona ndawo yam yokuthengisa? Cinga ngendlela abantu basemzini bacinga ngayo, yinto yokwenene. Akafuni ukuqeqesha iarhente yedwa. Ngokuqinisekileyo uya kufuna iqabane elenze impumelelo kule marike ethile kwaye ukhululekile kuyo, kwaye unokumnceda ukuba afikelele kubathengi kunye neemarike ngokuthe ngqo ngokukhawuleza. Ndivelisa iimveliso kwaye unemijelo, eyona nto iphumeleleyo bahlala bethetha ngayo.

Kukho umsantsa phakathi kwezimvo zabantu basemzini kunye nemeko yethu yangoku. Akumangalisi ukuba singakwazi ukufumana into esiyifunayo kwaye into esifuna ukuyenza ayinakwenziwa. Ngokuzenzekelayo, wakhumbula ukuba wadibana nomhlobo ovela kumenzi ophezulu we-IC ekuqaleni konyaka, kwaye wathetha malunga neearhente. Ukuthengisa kwabo ikakhulu kuxhomekeke kwiiarhente ezimbalwa eziphezulu. Kodwa banikela ingqalelo engakumbi ekwandiseni iimveliso ezintsha kunye nemimandla emitsha, ekucacileyo ukuba ayingomdla wezo arhente zibalaseleyo. Singasathethi ke ngaye ngokobuqu, kwanekomkhulu lalo lomzi-mveliso lokuqala lakufumanisa kunzima ukutyhala ezi arhente zibalaseleyo ukuba zisebenzisane ukusa kumlinganiselo othile. Ezi arhente kudala ziqhele ukufumana iimveliso zoqobo kunye nabathengi abakhulu, kwaye emva koko baxhomekeke kwiimali zabo ezinkulu ukwenza intengiso. Kodwa kulula kangakanani ukuxhomekeka kuphela kwiintengiso kunye ne-FAE yefektri yokuqala? Baphinde bacinge ngokujonga intsebenziswano kunye neenkampani zoyilo zeqela lesithathu kunye neenkampani zokuthengisa kwindawo ethile. Qala ngokuchaza izinto ezithengiweyo usebenzisa ii-arhente, kwaye ekugqibeleni unethemba lokugqama kwaye ube ziiarhente zabo. Khange sinxibelelane ixesha elide. Bekufanele ukuba benze yonke into abafuna ukuyenza, akunjalo? Ewe, kubonakala ngathi bambalwa kakhulu abantu abakhathalele ngokwenene kwaye banyanzelise ukuba "ngabachwephesha", nangona abantu abaninzi phakathi kwabo bahlala beqhayisa "njengeengcali".

 

10. Yiba yiarhente! Ukuthatha ithuba lemibuliso yeKrisimesi kunye noNyaka oMtsha, umphathi wokuqala wefektri ye-IC ye-Pre-audio endiyikhankanyileyo ngasentla wathetha nam malunga nokukhangela kwakhe i-arhente yelizwe kwiintsuku ezimbini ezidlulileyo. "Kudala kakhulu, ndicinga ukuba sele yenziwe kakade!" Oku bekungaphaya kokulindela kwam. Ndandivuma nje ngokungaqhelekanga: "Kulungile, ndiza kuhlala ndikujongile, kwaye ndiya kucebisa into enhle kuwe." Inqanaba lam lesiNgesi lalinganelanga ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ukudideka kwakhe. Kubonakala kum ukuba abasebenzi bethu bokusasaza be-IC bagcinwe kakhulu okanye abanalo ukuzithemba ngokwaneleyo kubo okanye banezinye iimfihlo? Ukufuna kwam ukwazi kwandikhokelela ekubeni ndicinge ngala basebenzi bokusasaza be-IC. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba olu khuphiswano lukhawulezayo lwenze abantu abaninzi bazixhalabela ngakumbi ukwenza imali ngokukhawuleza nokuhlala kude neshishini lexesha elide. Eli themba liyamangalisa, kodwa ndimele ndiqinisekise ukuba ndinokuphila de kube yimini xa eli themba lizaliseka! Imiba yokwenyani imele iqwalaselwe, ngoko sihlala sixakekile lishishini elibonakala lixakekile yonke imihla. Ndihlala ndimangaliswa kukuba uninzi lwabahlobo bam bachitha imini yabo yonke bebuza malunga nokuba bangazifumana phi iitshaneli zokuthenga ngexabiso eliphantsi, okanye bezibuza ukuba yeyiphi imveliso yokuqala okanye iarhente abanokuzifumana. Ingeniso epheleleyo yaloo mashishini ngokufuthi ayilinganiswa ngeepesenti kodwa ngeesenti okanye kwaneesenti. Kodwa babexakeke kakhulu yaye bezonwabisa.

Maxa wambi emva kwesidlo sangokuhlwa, baye bakhale ngelithi ishishini linzima yaye kuye kufuneke basebenze okwexeshana kumzi-mveliso wokuqala, abameli, abathutha iincwadi nabathengi. Ngamaxesha athile, ndiyabuza apho kukho imijelo elungileyo kunye neendlela zokwenza imali enkulu kunye nokwenza amashishini amakhulu. Ndineentloni zokuxoxa ngale miba kuba andikhange ndifumane mali ininzi, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo akukho sisombululo silungileyo. Ndingathetha ngayo ilize kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ndithetha ngeemvakalelo zam ngasese, ndikhetha amashishini atya ixesha kunye nomsebenzi onzima. Asikuko ukuba ndazalelwa ekubeni ndikhuthele yaye ndinesibindi sokujamelana nocelomngeni, kodwa ndivakalelwa kukuba loo mashishini awufanele umgudu. Ishishini elilula lihlala liqala ngokuthenga, okoko nje usebenzisa amandla okwaneleyo kunye nezixhobo eziphathekayo ukuze ufumane iodolo. Ishishini elilula lihlala liqala ngexabiso kunye nexesha lokuhlawula. Zama ukufumana iindlela zokwenza ixabiso lakho libe phantsi kunabanye, kwaye ixesha lokuhlawula linokuba lide kunabanye. Kakade ke, inzuzo yeshishini elinjalo inokulinganiswa kuphela ngeesenti kunye neesenti. Ekugqibeleni, iya kuba lilize okanye ivuke ngosuku olulandelayo ifumane ukuba iphinde yaphangwa ngabanye. Njengoko kuthethwa, bafika ngokukhawuleza kwaye bahamba ngokukhawuleza. Ekubeni ishishini linokuhluthwa ngokulula kwabanye, akumangalisi ukuba abanye balihluthe ngemizuzu nje embalwa. Ayinakhabhoni ephantsi, ayiwongi amandla, ayihambelani nokusingqongileyo, kwaye ayinayo imbonakalo yenzululwazi kuphuhliso.

Kwelinye icala, jonga kumashishini anobunzima kunye nemingeni. Iqala ngoSouring, ukuthumela iisampulu, ukwenza iiprototypes, kwaye ekugqibeleni isiSombululo esipheleleyo. Ayincedi kuphela kuphuhliso lwehardware, ikwanceda nophuhliso lwesoftware. Ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka sincede abathengi bacwangcise "amanqaku okuthengisa" emveliso yabo. Kuba umthengi uthe uqhelene kakhulu nokusebenza kwemveliso yakho, kwaye wazi ngcono ukuba ungayibonisa njani le ntsebenzo intle kubathengi bethu. Ngamanye amaxesha ndiya kuziva ndicaphukile, "Ndibe yintoni? Ngaphandle kwam, ufuna ntoni i-R & D kunye nesebe lezentengiso ukuba wenze ntoni? Usengumphathi malunga nemini yonke. Oku akulungile, akulungile." Yiyo yonke into: "Uxanduva olukhulu luvela ezulwini." Yusi abantu,..." Iziphumo zemizamo enjalo nazo aziqinisekanga. Emva kokuba kwenzeke impazamo ebulalayo kwikhonkco elithile le-R&D, imveliso, kunye neentengiso, zonke iinzame zangaphambili ziya kulahleka. Nangona kunjalo, oku kunokwenzeka ukuba akukho phezulu. konke, lutyalo-mali olukhulu kubathengi ukuphuhlisa imveliso entsha kwaye uyibeke emarikeni, kwaye abayi kungxamela kuyo ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa ngenyameko enkulu kukuba umthengi ufumanisa ukuba imveliso yokugqibela ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana nokulindelweyo kwaye kufuneka Ilahlwe emva kokuba ibekwe emarikeni Kodwa imiyalelo egqitywe ngexesha lo mjikelo inokunceda ngokubanzi ubuncinane ukubopha iqhina, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kusekho ibhalansi, ukuba ingxelo yemarike ilungile, iinzuzo ziya kuba ngokwakho. Olu hlobo lwesivuno aluzinzile kwaye luhlala ixesha elide, kodwa lukwanzima ukuxhwilwa ngabanye.

Ukuba abanye bafuna ukubamba eli shishini, ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka benze into efanayo. Ngaphandle koko, banokukhuphisana njani ngokwaneleyo ukuba babambe ishishini elinjalo? Kumele akwazi ukuthwala "uxanduva olukhulu". Ngokumalunga nokuzama "ukukha iipesika" ngokufumana umntu othile okanye abantu aba-1 okanye aba-2, akulula oko. Ukufumana, i-R&D, ulawulo lomgangatho, ukuthenga, ukuthengisa, ubunkokeli, ungathanda ukuzama yonke le miba? Ngaphezu koko, ukuba umthengisi onjalo uyalahlwa, ngubani oqinisekisa ukuba lowo mtsha uya kwenza ngcono? Bambalwa abathengi abakulungeleyo ukubeka esichengeni ukungcakaza okunjalo. Andisathethi ke ngeemvakalelo ezafikayo endleleni. Ufuna ukuba luhlobo luni lwearhente?