Ungawana sei mumiririri wako wekutenga akanakisa?

Panguva yekukurukurirana kwemazuva ese, vatengi vazhinji vanowanzonyunyuta izvozvovamiririri iva nemafungiro akaipa, usavafuratire pavanofona, uye dzokera shure paunenge uchikumbira masampuli. Kuita navo handizvo zvavaifunga. Pane chakavanzika here? Semutengesi, anenge munhu wese ane chiitiko ichi. Vazhinji vatengi vanofona uye vanotanga nekubvunza mitengo uye kuenzanisa mitengo. Zvino zvichazotaurwa kuti XXX mutengo uri nani…. Vatengesi vanowanzorasikirwa nechido pavanonzwa izvi. Nekuti, netsaona, mutsara wako wepasi wakaburitswa. Iwe hauzove mutengi akanaka kwavari. Chaunonyanya kufarira mutengo kwete chigadzirwa. Kana iwe uchida kuita bhizinesi newe mune ramangwana, iwe uchauya kana mutengo wakaderera nhasi, uye iwe uchasiya kana mutengo wakakwira mangwana. Vatengesi semutengi akagadzikana (huwandu hausi hwakakosha) pane mutengi anodzungaira. Vamwe vatengi vanofunga kuti zvavanoda zvakakura uye zvinoyevedza zvakakwana kune vamiririri. Asi munhu wese anoziva kuti iyo yakakura nhamba, inonyanya kunetsa. Kana mutengi asingatauri nezve odha, pachava nekurebesa shure; kana kuendeswa kusina nguva, kuchava kunyunyuta kwevatengi uye zvichemo. Mamiriro ekunze anogona kuve akatsetseka kangani? Chii chanetsa.

Vatengi ava vanowanzo ramba vari pa blacklist yemugadziri wepakutanga. Kunyangwe vakawana mutengi akadaro, vamiririri havangashinga kunyoresa uye kuisa maodha nemugadziri wepakutanga zviri nyore, nekuti mugadziri wepakutanga anowanzo kuvaudza kuti vanga vari vatengi veXX kwenguva yakareba. Haufanire kubhomba. Kusanyara sei! Zvimwe zvikamu zvakajairika zvinogona kuodha pasina kunyoresa nemugadziri wekutanga. Hazvirevi kuti havana mitengo yakanaka, imhaka yekuti hausi izvo zvavanofunga kuti mutengi akanaka, uye havatyi kukupa mitengo yakanaka nekuti havana kunzwisisa kwakanyarara newe. Kana ukashandisa mutengo wake kudzvanyirira mamwe maajenti uye kuita kuti mugadziri wepakutanga azive nezvazvo, uchapinda mudambudziko guru. Naizvozvo, kana iwe uchisarudza zvigadzirwa zveR&D uye wotsvaga mumiririri, unofanira kutanga wasuma mamiriro ezvinhu uye wobvunza FAE yavo kuti ikurudzire chigadzirwa chinoenderana newe. Kutengesa kuchakupa mutengo wekutarisa (iwe unozvisarudzira iwe, uye mushure mekushandisa mutero, ichava mutengo wemutengo wauchawana mune ramangwana). Zvadaro tevera matanho ekuvakumbira kuti vape kana kutenga sampuli kubva kwavari. Kana iwe uri kutenga, iwe unofanirwawo kusuma mamiriro ako kutanga. Kana wakashandisa zvigadzirwa zvepakutanga, unofanira kunge "wakanyoreswa". Saka unofanira kutanga wakurukura navo mukana wekuve mutengi wavo. Kana zvakajeka zvisati zvaitika, vanofanira kunge vane nzira dzakawanda dzekupfuura. Kana zvichibvira, tichakurukura kuvimbiswa kwehutano hwechigadzirwa (kwete kutarisa, nokuti hutano hunonyanya kuvimbiswa nemugadziri wepakutanga), kuverenga uye kutumira, uye pakupedzisira mutengo.

Uku ndiko kutanga kwakanaka, kuitira kuti mumiririri akunzwisise, akukoshese, uye apinde mune dzimwe nhaurirano. Kunzwisisa inventory yemumiririri uye kugona kwekupa kunofanirwa kuve kwekutanga. Mumiririri wega wega ane bhizinesi rake mutemo uye chinotarisa chigadzirwa. Zvinodiwa nemutengi uye zvavanokoshesa zvinoenderana here? Izvi zvakakosha. Sangano hombe rine bhizinesi hombe, asi zvarinazvo zvinogona kunge zvisiri izvo zvaunoda. Kune zvakare kugona kwemumiririri kuwana zvinhu, kunyanya kana kupihwa kwezvinhu kusina kukwana. Kuisa odha pachine nguva hazvireve kuwana zvinhu nekukurumidza, zvese zvinoenderana nesimba rayo pafekitori yekutanga. Ndinotenda kuti vatengi vazhinji vakaravira kuravira uku. Kana kupihwa uye kuendeswa kwakavimbiswa, chinhu chekupedzisira mutengo. Chikonzero nei mutengo uchikurukurwa kwekupedzisira kwete nekuti mutengo hauna kukosha, asi nekuti pasina vimbiso yapfuura, mutengo imvura isina chitubu uye muti usina midzi. Zvinobatsirei kuva nemutengo wakanaka? Bhizinesi rechikamu kazhinji harisi renguva imwe chete, uye ramangwana rakareba. Mutengo unogona kudzikira zvishoma nezvishoma mune ramangwana Mutengo Pazasi, saka nei uchinetseka? (Maitiro eKudhura Pazasi ichakurukurwa gare gare)

Naizvozvo, maonero angu pachangu: Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha pakutenga kwevatengi imhando, inoteverwa nekutumira, uye pakupedzisira mutengo. Pakusarudza zvigadzirwa kubva kumhando dzakakurumbira, kutanga kwezvose, hutano hunovimbiswa. Kunyange kana chimwe chinhu chikatadza pano neapo, panogara paine tsananguro uye hapana chikonzero chekuti mumwe munhu atakure mutoro wacho. Kuendesa panguva ndiko kunonyanya kukosha. Kuendeswa kwekutanga kunokanganisa kuongorora kwezvinyorwa; kunonoka kuburitsa kunokanganisa kugadzirwa uye kutengesa. Mutengo chinhu chekupedzisira kukurukurwa. Kana pane matambudziko nemhando kana kuendesa, bhosi haazombonzwisisi: nekuti mutengo wakanaka, izvi zvinoregererwa! Nhaurirano ndeiyi: Ndiani akakuita kuti utenge bhizimusi iri, iro rakakanganisa kunaka, kugadzirwa uye musika wechigadzirwa?

 

Paunenge uchitsvaga wekuroorana naye, kurongeka uko mutengi ane ruzivo anofanirwa kuve nehanya nechigadzirwa kunofanirwa kuve: mhando, kuendesa uye mutengo. Anonzwisisa kuti mutengo hausi chinhu chinonyanya kukosha. Kana mhando isina mubvunzo uye kuendesa kune mavara, chii chinoshandiswa nemutengo wakanakisa? Kunyangwe pasina dambudziko nemhando, chii chinangwa chekugadzirira yakawanda hesitori kuti ive nechokwadi chekuenderera mberi kwekugadzirwa? Iyo yakawedzera capital occupation fees uye manejimendi mubhadharo anogona kunge atobvisa iyo inonzi "yakanaka mutengo". Kana pane shanduko mukugadzirwa, kana ikashandiswa zvishoma kana isingachashandiswi, pfuma ichapfuura kurasikirwa! Naizvozvo, mushure mekusimbisa kuti iwe unogona kuve mutengi wemumiririri, iwe unofanirwa kutanga wafunga nezve vimbiso yemhando yechigadzirwa. Ehe, kana iwe uri wemhando yepamusoro, haufanirwe kunetseka nezve idzi nyaya. Nyaya yekuendesa yakakosha, kunyanya kune mamwe machipisi makuru, ayo kazhinji asina chechipiri-chitsiviro. Kana chimwe chinhu chikatadza, inyaya yeupenyu nerufu pakutenga. Fekitari yepakutanga kazhinji haigoni kugadzirisa dambudziko iri. Kuendesa kunowanzo mavhiki masere kana mavhiki e12, uye inventory inobatwa nevamiririri. Naizvozvo, kuve nechokwadi chekupihwa kwave kunetsa kune vamiririri.

 

Panguva ino, chinoda kuongororwa ibasa revatengi remumiririri pane simba remari, iro rinoonekwa sekukosha. Nokuti kunyange mumiririri ane simba rakasimba rezvemari haazogadziri uwandu hombe kune mumwe mutengi. Vatengi vanofanira kunetseka pamusoro pezvigadzirwa zvikuru zvemumiririri uyu. Kana zvigadzirwa izvo mumiririri uyu anonyanya kusimudzira uye kutengesa ndizvo chaizvo zvauri kuda, saka ndiye akanyanya kunaka mutengesi. Nekuti ivo vane imwecheteyo vatengi base, ivo kazhinji vane yakasimba tekinoroji tsigiro munzvimbo ino, uye ivo vanowanzokupa iyo Yese Solution usingatarisire paunogadzira chigadzirwa. FAE yavo inotamba nemachipisi aya zuva rese. Ivo vanoziva matambudziko ese anowanzo sangana nevatengi panguva yekugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa nekugadzirwa. Paunenge wapererwa, vanogona kazhinji kugadzirisa zvaunoda nekukurumidza. Nekuti ivo vane imwecheteyo vatengi base, vamiririri vanogona kukumbira zvimwe zvinhu kubva kufekitori yepakutanga uye vane simba rakasimba rekutengesa. Vanogona kazhinji kuwana mutengo wakanakisisa kubva kufekitari yepakutanga, iyo inogadzira mamiriro ezvinhu evatengi kurwisana nemitengo yavo yakanaka. Nekuti kune hwaro hwevatengi hwakadai, kana mugadziri wepakutanga atanga chigadzirwa chitsva, ivo vanofanirwa kuve chinhu chekutanga chavanofunga nezvacho. Zvichivimba nekugona kwavo kwehunyanzvi hwekutsigira uye kugona kutengesa, zvigadzirwa zvitsva zvinounzwa kune vatengi vavo kutanga. Nenzira iyi chigadzirwa chako chitsva chinogona kunge chiri nhanho imwe pamberi pevakwikwidzi vako.

 

Chechina, nekuti ane mutengi mumwechete, anozogara achigadzirira zvimwe zvinhu. Kuuya kwevatengi vatsva kuchaita kuti awedzere kuvimba mukugadzirira kwakaringana zvinyorwa. Kuendesa kwako kunovimbiswa nenzira kwayo. Chechishanu, nekuti iwe une imwechete vatengi base, zviri nyore kuti uchinje odha yako. Panguva ino, vamiririri havawanzo funga nezvekuwedzera, kudzikira kana kudzima mirairo yako (asi vamiririri vanozonetsekana pamusoro pako uchimhanya uchinge waita odha.). Izvi zvakakosha zvikuru. Usafunge kuti unogona kukanzura odha nekufona kamwe chete pasina kubhadhara. Hapana chaunokwanisa kuita nezvazvo. Kana zvikasashanda ndichatsvaga imwe agent. Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti nzira iyi ine migumisiro isingagumi! Kune vashoma chete vatengesi kune yako huru chip. Kana iwe wakakurumbira, mugadziri wepakutanga uye vatengesi vachabhadhara zvakanyanya kwauri. Kunyangwe iwe ukaenda nehurongwa, vamwe vamiririri vanogona kusakukwazisa nekunyemwerera, nekuti kana ukasangwarira, unovacherera gomba. Kuchinja kwemusika kunowanzo kunetsa kubata, kunyanya kana mutengi asati ave mutungamiri mumusika uyu. Mushure mekugamuchira kurongeka nhasi, ndakashanda nesimba kuodha, kukumbira uye kudzingirira zvinhu. Mangwana odha yemutengi yakanzurwa uye wafunga kukanzura odha kana kutoidzorera. Nokudaro, zvakakosha zvikuru kuti kutenga nguva dzose kutarise kuwedzera uye kubviswa kwemirairo, uye kufambira mberi uye kudzokera shure zvakasununguka.

 

Nemhando uye kuendesa kwakavimbiswa, inguva yekutaura nezve mutengo. Mutengo unonzwa zvakanyanya, uye isu tinogona chete kutaurirana mutengo kana zvese zvaitwa. Mutengo wemachipisi akajairwa uri mumaoko evamiririri. Mitengo yemamwe machipisi akakosha kazhinji iri mumaoko evagadziri vepakutanga, avo vanozopa mitengo yakasiyana kuburikidza nevamiriri zvinoenderana neyakasiyana mamiriro evatengi. Nzira yekuwana sei mutengo wakanaka kubva kumugadziri wepakutanga kana mumiririri? Kana iwe uri mutungamiri muindastiri, unogona kuvimba nezvawaburitsa uye chinzvimbo chemusika kuti uwane mutengo waunotarisira. Kana iwe uri mumwe wevanhu ivavo, usanetseka. Kazhinji, maviri kana anopfuura emhando machipisi anoshandiswa kugadzira zvigadzirwa. Chero ipi zvayo ine mutengo uri nani, shandisa yakawanda, uye iyo ine mutengo wakaderera, shandisa zvishoma. Iri ihwamanda iri muruoko rwako. Vagadziri vepakutanga uye vamiririri vane hanya zvikuru nerudzi urwu rweKugovera. Izvo hazvina basa kana vatengi vakaishandisa zvishoma, asi hazvina kunaka kuishandisa nevakwikwidzi! Kuti uve nechokwadi nekuvandudza Kugova kwakadai, vanozoita zvavanogona kuti vasangane nezvinodiwa zvako. Haha, mutengo uri nyore kutaurirana. Kana iwe uri kambani yekugadzira (uyo anoita zvirongwa kana kutengesa zvirongwa), huwandu hwako hwekutenga hwakananga hunogona kunge husina hukuru, asi simba rako remusika uye simba rekusimudzira hazvigone kurerutswa. Kadhi rako rehwamanda nderekuti kana ukandipa mutengo wakanaka, ini ndichagadzira chip yako mumhinduro yangu. Kana pasina mutengo wakanaka, ndichawana imwe kambani. Kana iwe uine zviwanikwa zvekutonga muindasitiri, hongu iwe unogona kuzvishandisa zvizere.

Kana iwe usiri chinhu uye usina chinhu, saka iwe unofanirwa kuve nehurukuro yakanaka nemumiririri. Ngationei kana mumiririri anogona kushandura mamiriro ezvinhu uye kukuita munhu akapfuma? Kukupa zvinhu zvakagovaniswa zvakaenzana kubva kumakasitoma makuru. Chokwadika, ichi hachisi chimwe chinhu chatinogona kutaura nezvacho zvachero. Tinofanira kumirira kusvikira mvura yabuda.

 

 

 

Paunenge uchitsvaga wekufambidzana naye, iyo yakanyanya kunaka ndiyo iri nani, iyo yakanyanya kufanira ndiyo yakanyanya kunaka mushure mekunyatsofungisisa. Zvakafanana zvinoenda pakutsvaga vatengesi.

 

Vamiririri veNiu Pandakaridza runhare zvakare, ndakapindura ndisingashiviriri. Ndichipedza kutaura mashoko echimbi chimbi ndakabva ndadimbura runhare zvakare. Zvaishamisa chaizvo! Ndichakupa bhizinesi uye uchiri kusava nehanya. Haha, haugone kutaura izvozvo. Mhuri yese ine sutras inonetsa kudzokorora. Kutenga vanhu vangasaziva kuti uku ndiko zvakare kudzvanywa kwevashambadziri. Rega ndione kana kunzwisisa kwangu kuchigona kutsanangura chikonzero? Chii chinofanira kuva chinangwa chekutengesa kune mutengesi mune imwe sangano? Vanhu vazhinji vanofunga kuti ichi chinhu chakarohwa nashefu mumusoro, asi ini handifungi kudaro. Iko kukosha kwakakosha kwezviratidziro zvekutengesa kunotarirwa nehunhu hwemukati hwekambani pachayo. Seri kwekutengesa kune FAE, logistics, vashandi, logistics, mukuru; hofisi, warehouse; kushambadzira uye kufamba. Isu tajaira kurongedza mari dzavanoshandisa semari yekutengesa. Imhandoi yekambani uye rudzii rwekutengesa nzira yainotora ichave inoenderana nekutengesa mari. Yakasanganiswa neiyo yekutengesa purofiti margin, inosarudza hushoma hwekutengesa huwandu hunodiwa nekambani. Kutengeswa kwakakamurwa kwakatwa ndiko kunonyanya kutariswa nekambani.

 

Tichitarisa mari yekushanda uye nhamba yevashandi vemakambani aya, munhu wose anonzwisisa kuti havasi vamiririri vadiki. Mumakambani makuru emasangano aya, injiniya wekutengesa akananga anoda mari yegore negore inosvika mamiriyoni mana emadhora ekuAmerica. Kana iyo kukosha-yakawedzerwa mutero yakaverengerwa, iye Iyo inodiwa RMB yekutengesa vhoriyamu inosvika 30 miriyoni yuan. Izvi zvinoreva kuti anoda mamiriyoni matatu ekutengesa pamwedzi. Basa remazuva ese remutengesiwo zvake rinosanganisira: kugamuchira boka remaemail, uye mazhinji acho anoda kupindurwa. Kazhinji 2/3 iri mukati mekambani uye 1/3 inobva kune vatengi. Kune akati wandei misangano yemukati yekambani svondo rega rega; kukurudzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zvitsva uye mhinduro itsva (pasina zvigadzirwa zvitsva, hapazovi nekutengesa mune ramangwana); kushuma basa razvino uno kufekitari yapakuvamba; kushanyira vatengi venguva dzose, kugamuchira maodha, uye nekuisa maodha nevatengesi mushure mekupfupikisa. Kugadziriswa (kukanzura kana kuwedzera), kukurumidza, kutumira, kubhadhara kubhadhara, nezvimwewo Nenzira iyi, inguva yakawanda sei iyo Sales inogona kutarisana nemutengi mutsva zuva rega rega? Ndokumbirawo munzwisisane, vanoswera vakanetawo. Ivo vanonyatsoziva: Kutengesa kwega kwega kunovimba nevatengi vaviri kana vatatu vakakura kuti vapedze chinangwa. Muchokwadi, vamiririri vanozivawo kuti 10% kana kunyange 5% yevatengi vekambani vakapedza 90% kana zvimwe zvakawanda zvezvinangwa zvekambani. Vatengi vakawanda havana simba.

 

Basa rekutengesa rinorema ndicho chikonzero chikuru, uye zvakare chikonzero chechinangwa. Ehe, panewo zvikonzero zvemukati. Vamwe vatengesi vane manyepo mushure mekushanda kwemakore akati wandei, nekuti kambani yakakura nekuti yakakura, uye vanofunga kuti kambani yakasimba nekuti yakasimba. Haha, kana iwe uchigona kuita izvi kana iwe ukatanga yako kambani, izvo zvingave zvakanaka! Iyi ndiyo imwe dzidziso. Mutengi nemumiririri vakataurirana parunhare, uye vasati vazviziva, Sales yemumiririri yakanga yapedza kuongorora kwemutengi weramangwana. Kana iwe usingafariri zvakanyanya, iwe pachako uchawana nzira yekugadzirisa nayo. Sezvo mumiririri asingafariri zvakanyanya, hapana chikonzero chekuti mutengi ashandise zvisina kunyara. "Kana usiri mutengi mukuru, wadii kuvabata?" Ndinofunga kuti ndizvo zvazviri. Vatengi uye vamiririri vanofanirwawo kunyatsoenderana. Mumiririri hazvirevi kuti ane zvinhu zvauri kuda, uye hazvirevi kuti achakutengesera kana awana zvinhu zvacho. Usafunge kuti kambani hombe inoreva zvimwe zvinhu. Iyo kambani yakakura, uye chakakosha huwandu kwete kusiyana kwezvigadzirwa. Hapana mumiririri angade kuvhura chitoro chemishonga cheChinese chinotengesa zvese. Iyo inyaya ye "catalog vatengesi." Vese vamiririri vanotarisira kutengesa kune vakakura uye vazhinji vatengi vane mhando dzakanyanya kusangana. Zvakajairika zvekutengesa vakomana vanoshandiswa nazvo, saka regai varatidze humwe hunyanzvi hunyanzvi.

 

Chii chinonzi semiconductor? Paunenge uchibata nevamiririri, unozofanira kutaurirana mutengo pakupedzisira. Usati wataurirana mutengo, iwe unogona zvakare kudzidza zvakawanda nezve chinonzi semiconductor. Zvichabatsira pakutaurirana mutengo! Chii chinonzi semiconductor? Vadzidzisi vekuchikoro chesekondari vakatidzidzisa kuti "chinhu (kana kuti zvinhu) pakati pe conductor ne insulator isemiconductor. Mumashoko emutauro we layman, voltage inoshandiswa kumativi ose echinhu. Kana pane ikozvino inoyerera nepakati, i kondakita, uye kana pasina ikozvino inoyerera kuburikidza nayo, iyo iri pakati pezviviri ndiyo semiconductor iyo inotonhora ndiyo mvura inodziya semiconductors akanga asinganzwisisike zvikuru Pamwe mudzidzisi akafunga kuti ruzivo rwedu rwakanga rusina kukwana panguva iyoyo, kana kuti chimwe chinhuwo zvacho ndakazengurira uye handina kupa tsananguro ndakafunga kuti mubvunzo uyu waive nyore ndakamboda kuubvunza mukirasi, asi ndaitya kuti mubvunzo wacho waizove wemwana uye ndaizosekwa. Mudzidzisi mukirasi akanga asipo, saka chinetso chakaramba chiripo.

 

Pashure pokushanda kwemakore anoverengeka, rimwe zuva uropi hwangu hwakangoerekana hwandijekesera. Damn it, ndanyengerwa! Iko chaiko hakuna "semi" conductor munyika. Muchokwadi, iyo inonzi "semiconductor" zvinhu zvakare kondakita. Kana iwe usingazvitende, edza kuisa voltage kumigumo yese yechidimbu chemonocrystalline silicon kana polycrystalline silicon. Pachave paine mhepo inoyerera nepakati, asi hazvisizvo pakati pezviviri, pane chimwe chinhu ipapo uye hapana chinhu ipapo. Kutaura zvazviri, maitiro chaiwo echinhu ichi anoratidzwa kana nzvimbo dzadzo dzichigadziriswa: imwe nzvimbo "inobvisa" mamwe maerekitironi uye inosiya mamwe "maburi" kuratidza polarity yakanaka (positive), uye imwe nzvimbo inobaya mamwe maerekitironi kuti ave akanaka. Iyo ine negative polarity, uyezve maviri akabatwa maface anobatwa padhuze kuti aite "junction", inova inonzi PN junction. Iri pfundo rinoshamisa uye rinoratidza hunhu hwaro hwakasiyana. Apo mhepo yakanaka inoshandiswa kune iyi junction, kushorwa kwayo kuduku zvikuru uye kunoratidzika kuva kondakita akanaka; kana simba risina kunaka rinoshandiswa, kupikisa kwayo kwakakura zvikuru uye kunoratidzika se "insulator". Zvinogona kunge zviri nekuda kweichi kuti izwi rekuti "semiconductor" rinouya. Iyo yekumberi inotungamira ndeye kondakita, uye inodzokera kumashure inoita kunge insulator. Panguva imwecheteyo, maitiro avo azvino uye emagetsi haachaenderane nemutemo weOhm zvisinei nekuti yakanaka voltage kana yakaipa voltage inoshandiswa. Kuramba kwayo kukosha hakusisiri kukosha kwekugara, asi kuchinja nekuchinja kwezvino uye voltage. Kuwedzera waya kumagumo ayo ose ndiko kunonzi diode.

Kupatsanura maitiro eiyo junction inotungamira kune akawanda marudzi e diode. Awo anoshandisa maitiro ekumberi anosanganisira rectifier diodes, reference diodes, switching diodes, damping diodes, Schottky diodes, photosensitive diodes, etc. Chokwadi, anonyanya kufarirwa uye ane fashoni ndiwo Iri light-emitting diode (LED). Anonyanya kuzivikanwa anoshandisa reverse maitiro ndee zener diodes, isolation (protection) diodes, nezvimwewo. Kana iyi junction ikaitwa diki, ndiyo inonzi "small signal diode", uye kana ikagadzirwa hombe, ndizvozvo. -inonzi "simba diode". Batanidza mapfundo maviri kumagumo kana kuti tsoka netsoka, uye batanidza waya pakubatanidzwa kuti ive matatu. Cherechedza: Kana musoro nepini zvakabatana, hazvireve chinhu, ingori madhiodhi maviri akabatanidzwa munhevedzano. Hunhu hwema transistors hwakanyanya kuomarara, uye mashandisiro avo akatosiyana. Kubatanidza ma diode aya, transistors, nezvimwewo maererano nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana idunhu rakasanganiswa, rinowanzozivikanwa se: IC. Pakutanga, masayendisiti eAmerica akagadzira semiconductor akashandisa nzira iyi murabhoritari. Imwe yakagadzirwa kuva nzvimbo yakati sandara, uye imwe yacho yakagadzirwa kuva chimiro chekuongorora uye yakatsikirirwa zvakasimba pamusoro peimwe kuti igadzire PN junction. Iyo yakatevera mushure mekugadzirwa kweindasitiri haina kushandisa nzira iyi zvachose.Kungowana chidimbu chesimbi nepamusoro pekurapa uye kuabatanidza pamwe chete hakuzobudiriri chiitiko ichi. Saizvozvo, mapurasitiki uye zvimwe zvinodzivirira hazvishande, kana zvimwe zvinhu. Parizvino zvinotendwa kuti zvinhu zvitatu chete munyika zvine pfuma iyi, silicon, germanium, uye komboni inonzi gallium arsenide. Izvi zvinonzi semiconductor zvinhu. Pakati pavo, silicon ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa, nokuti kushanda kwayo kunonyanya kuenderana nezvinodiwa pasi rose, uye nzira yekugadzira zvigadzirwa nayo iri nyore uye inodhura. Kusvika parizvino kune chete "Silicon Valley" asi kwete "Germanium Valley" uye "Gallium Arsenide Valley". Ko silicon inobva kupi? jecha! Saka iyo semiconductor indasitiri iri kushandura jecha kuita goridhe. Zvisinei, ndine mubvunzo wandisati ndafunga. Hupenyu hwezvigadzirwa zve semiconductor "semi-infinite". Izvi zvinorevei? Tichitaura, zviri pakati pekugumira uye zvisingaperi, asi ndiani anoziva zviri pakati?

 

5. Mutengo weIC Paunenge uchibata nevamiririri, kutaurirana kwemitengo hakudzivisiki pakupedzisira. Iye zvino zvatanzwisisa semiconductors, isu tinogona zvakare kunzwisisa kuumbwa kwemutengo wezvigadzirwa zvesemiconductor, izvo zvichabatsira pakutaurirana mitengo! Kugadzirwa kweIC kunonyanya kusanganisira: kugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa, kugadzira uye kugadzirisa. Kusimukira kwechigadzirwa kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvinoenderana zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa pamusika, uye kugadzira uye kugadzirisa ndiko kushandura zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirirwa kuita zvigadzirwa chaizvo. Kugadzira uye kugadzirisa kunowanzo kukamurwa kuita kumberi uye kumashure maitiro. Izvo zvinonzi kumberi-kuguma ndiko kugadzira machipisi; iyo inonzi back-end kurongedza, kuyedzwa, uye kurongedza machipisi muzvigadzirwa zvekupedzisira. Mari yekuvandudza inosanganisira: mitengo yekuvandudza uye mutengo wekuvandudza chigadzirwa. Semuenzaniso, kugadzirwa kweIC kwakangofanana nekugadzira mabhanzi ane steamed. Vamwe vabiki vanoita basa rekugadzira marudzi akasiyana-siyana emabhanzi ane kuzadza kwakasiyana, maumbirwo, saizi, uye mavara zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nevatengi (kudiwa kwemusika). Vamwe vabiki vanongogadzira mabhanzi ehutsi, uye vanogadzira tembiricha dzakasiyana, nguva, uye huwandu hwechipfunga zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvemabhanzi akasiyana kuti aite mabhanzi akabikwa zvakanaka. Iye aimbove tenzi akafanana neIC chigadzirwa kuvandudza, uye iyo yekupedzisira tenzi yakaenzana neIC process development. Sezvo IC yekugadzira dhizaini masevhisi ave kukwira kumusoro, kuvandudza kwemaitiro kunowanzoitwa neaya ekutanga. Ivo vanogadzira yakajairwa nzira inoyerera, zvekuti makambani eIC anongoda kutarisa nezvekugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa.

Neiyi nzira, yakajairika mari yekusimudzira zvakare mari yekuvandudza chigadzirwa. Ichi chikamu chemutengo uye njodzi dzekudyara dzakanyanya kukwirira. Idzi njodzi dzinowanzouya kwete kubva kune tekinoroji pachayo asi kubva kumusika, ndiko kuti, kana chigadzirwa chaunogadzira chinogamuchirwa nemusika. Kana chigadzirwa chakagadzirwa chinogamuchirwa nemusika. Mari yekusimudzira yakakamurwa nekutengesa kwakazara kazhinji inoshaya basa. Asi kana ikasagamuchirwa nemusika, mari iyi inongofanana nekukandwa mumvura. Pane chiitiko chinoshamisa. Zvigadzirwa zvinoshandisa matekinoroji mazhinji matsva zvinogona kunge zvisingafarirwa nevatengi, uye izvo zvigadzirwa zvinogamuchirwa nemusika zvinowanzoshorwa nehunyanzvi nedzimwe nyanzvi. Mienzaniso yeizvi yakajairika. Mari yemidziyo inonyanya kuumbwa nemitengo yekugadzira chip uye mutengo wekurongedza. Chip processing yakati fananei nemabhanzi anopisa. Kana kugona kuri kupfungaira makumi mashanu mabhanzi panguva, saka kunyangwe iwe uchipfungaira bhandi rimwe panguva kana pfuti makumi mashanu mabhanzi, mutengo wakafanana. Chinokosha ndechekuti kuderera kwemutengo wemidziyo ibasa renguva uye harine chekuita nekubuda. Kudzikira kwekugadzira zvuru gumi uye 100,000 mayunitsi panguva imwechete yenguva kwakafanana, asi iyo amortization ratio inosiyana kagumi. Kana zvimwe zvinhu zvakaenzana, mutengo uchasiyana nechikamu chegumi. Nguva yakajairika yekuderera kwemidziyo yeIC makore mana (kana makore mashanu), uye mutengo unodhura zvakanyanya. Mari yeIC yakaenzana nekushandisa simba.

Panguva imwecheteyo, maIC anogadzirwa pasilicon wafers. Pasi peiyo yakafanana silicon chip nzvimbo, iyo idiki nzvimbo yeIC imwe chete, iyo yakakura nhamba yeICs iri pasilicon chip. Silicon wafers akaenzana saizi akagadzirwa neakasiyana mutsara upamhi, uye huwandu hunosiyana zvakanyanya. Mari yekugadzira yega yega silicon wafer yakafanana. Kuwanda kwenhamba, kunoderedza mutengo weIC yega yega. Ichi ndicho chikonzero upamhi hwemutsara weICs huri kuderera zvakanyanya, uye zvinoita kunge pasina magumo pakuona. Kuderedzwa kwemitengo ndiyo simba rekutyaira rine simba. Mutengo weIC ndiwo upamhi hwemutsara. Saizvozvo, kana iyo dhayamita yesilicon wafer ikawedzera, nzvimbo yayo inowedzera zvakaenzana, nhamba yeICs pasilicon wafer inowedzera zvakada kuita square, uye chip pass rate inowedzera panguva imwe chete. Ichi ndicho chikonzero nzvimbo yesilicon wafers yakaramba ichiwedzera nekufamba kwemakore: 5 inches, 6 inches, 8 inches, 12 inches ... IC kuderedzwa kwemari ndeyekuderedza saizi yesilicon wafers. Kuderedza saizi yepasuru zvakare kufamba, uko kusingataridzi chete kune zvinodiwa zvezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvichiva zvidiki uye zvakareruka, asi zvakare zvinoderedza zvakanyanya mutengo wekurongedza, kunyanya kune zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi. Nekuda kwehukuru hwekurongedza vhoriyamu, iyo yekurongedza mutengo inoverengera Chikamu chikuru chemutengo wechigadzirwa chose. Mushure mezvose, zvinhu imari, uye izvi hazvisi zvinhu zvakajairika.

Kuderedza upamhi hwemutsara uye vhoriyamu zvine zvakanakira kukosha kune dijitari ICs. Nepo ichideredza saizi uye huremu hwezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi, inowedzerawo mafambisirwo ekushanda kwedunhu uye inoderedza kushandiswa kwesimba. Asi izvi hazvisi izvo zvesimba ICs. Waona here kuti kuvimbika kweiyo 7805 yazvino haina kunaka sepakutanga? Hongu, kunze kwekunge iyo yakanyanya kubuda ikozvino yadonha kubva kune yekutanga 1.5A kusvika kune yazvino 1A, iyo yekutanga simba margin yekutonga kwemukati yakapotsa yarasika sezvo chip nzvimbo inodzikira. Uye zvakare, kurongedza kwayo kwekutanga yaive-yesimbi TO-3, uye gare gare yaive yepurasitiki + simbi TO-220. Iye zvino mazhinji acho ese-epurasitiki TO-220F, iyo inoderedza huremu, saizi, uye mutengo. Inobva yakundikana kana yaremerwa. Naizvozvo, kana uchiri kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvinoenderana nemaitiro ako epakutanga, zvichava nyore kupinda mumatambudziko. Anenge ese maturusi emagetsi, kusanganisira maIC, transistors (MOSFETs, bipolar transistors, diode), nezvimwe, zvine matambudziko akadaro. Munguva yakapfuura, mugadziri akakupa chiratidzo uye akasiya imwe margin yayo. Zvino inokupa chiratidzo chaicho. Iko hakuna margin. Iwe unofanirwa kuchengeta margin iwe pachako! Zvikasadaro unosarudza xxxxA, kana zvirinani xxxxB. Chokwadi, mitengo yakwirawo. Shoko rakanaka: kupayona uye kugadzirisa zvinhu; izwi rakashata: kucheka makona!

 

6. Kusarudzwa Kwechigadzirwa Vanhu vazhinji vanofunga kuti kutenga ndiro simba guru mukudzora mitengo uye kutaurirana, asi ini handifunge kudaro. Muchokwadi, hwaro hwekudzora mutengo hausi mumaoko emutengi. Apo BOM iri mumaoko emutengi, yakatobikwa, uye chinhu chechokwadi. Hungwaru hwevatengi ingori icing pakeke pane zvakanakisa. Kiyi yekudzora mutengo iri muR&D. Kana iwe uchida kugadzira kana kugadzirisa zvigadzirwa, ndezvipi zvigadzirwa (zvikamu) zvaunofanira kusarudza uye kubva kuna ani? Inosarudza mutengo wezvigadzirwa zvakapedzwa mune ramangwana. Ini ndinofunga kusarudzwa kwechigadzirwa kunofanirwa kuyedza kuvimba nezvigadzirwa zvine mavhoriyamu makuru ekugadzira uye mitengo inokwikwidza zvizere pamusika. Magetsi emagetsi, mamicrocontrollers, mainterface circuits, even relays, sensors, etc. zvese zvinogona kushandiswa sereferensi, zvinosanganisira terevhizheni, makomputa, mahwendefa, air conditioner, induction cookers, remote control, mabhasikoro emagetsi, vacuum cleaners, magetsi metres, mvura metres, wireless routers, macomputer monitors, printers Uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvedhijitari uye zvichingodaro. Vari kushandisa zvinhu zvipi? Kana zvikamu izvi zvichigona kuita, unofanira kusarudza izvi usingazezi.Sei? Nekuti zvigadzirwa izvi zvinogadzirwa muhuwandu hukuru, zvine mutengo wakanyanya. Kana mutengo wekuita usina kukwirira uye mhando yacho haina kuvimbika zvakakwana, haizove yakashandiswa zvakanyanya. Muchiitiko ichi, chokwadi hapana chikonzero chokuti isu tiwane imwe nzira. Kunyangwe isu tingatadza kuwana mutengo wakafanana kubva kuvagadziri ava, mutengo wakakwana wemhando idzi unofanirwa kunge uri wemakwikwi zvakanyanya. Panguva imwecheteyo, nekuda kwehuwandu hukuru, pachava nevazhinji vagadziri vepakutanga vanopa zvinhu zvakafanana kana zvinoenderana, saka kugovera uye mutengo hauzove wakanyanya kuvimbiswa mune ramangwana here? Paunenge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge raita Usatore pasi wekusarudza kubva. Ndiani wekusarudza kubva achasarudza kuti ndiani wekutenga zvigadzirwa mune ramangwana. Sezvo fekitari yepakutanga ichiwanzoshandisa hurongwa hwekunyoresa kuhutungamiri hwevamiririri, kureva, kana mutengi nemumiririri vasvika pachibvumirano, mutengi anonyoreswa semutengi wemumiririri. Panguva ino, vamwe vamiririri havachakwanise kupa masevhisi uye zvigadzirwa kune uyu mutengi pasina akakosha mamiriro. Saizvozvo, mutengi uyu haakwanise kuwana mumwe mumiriri anogona kupa zvigadzirwa nemasevhisi. Muchidimbu, kana mapato ese angosimbisa chinangwa chavo chekushandira pamwe, mutengi anova mutengi weimwe agency. Naizvozvo, iwe unofanirwa kungwarira kuti ndiani waunosarudza chigadzirwa kubva. Zvakanakisisa kusiya nyaya iyi kukutenga. Kazhinji, ivo vanoziva zvirinani kupfuura R&D mainjiniya, uye ibasa ravo zvakare.

 

Ngwarira: Kusvika pakubvumirana kunorevei? Dzimwe nguva unofunga kuti ndangobvunza FAE yesangano iri pane dzimwe nyaya dzehunyanzvi, uye kuti ruzivo rwandakakumbira rwaive mukati mechikamu chekutaurirana asi harina kusimbisa kubatana mune ramangwana. Ko sei ndakanyoreswa sevatengi vesangano iri? Asi mumiririri anogona kusazviona nenzira iyi. Akakupa masevhisi, uye hausi mutengi wevamwe vamiririri. Zvechokwadi, iwe uri mutengi wake, uye mirairo yeramangwana inogona kuiswa pano chete. Naizvozvo, dzimwe nguva mapato ese ari maviri anofanira kuteerera uye kuedza kutsanangura zvinhu pachine nguva kuti adzivise kusanzwisisika uye kuita kuti munhu wese asafare mune ramangwana. Mutengi ane mafungiro akanaka. Kana asati asarudza kuti ndeupi mumiririri wekushanda naye mune ramangwana, kukurukurirana hakufaniri kuva kwakadzama zvikuru kudzivisa kusanzwisisana. Zvechokwadi, vamwe vamiririri vanofanirawo kuva vane rupo. Kana zvisina kunyanya kuwandisa, usanetseka nazvo. Vatengi vanogona kubata mugadziri wepakutanga zvakananga, asi kana asiri mutengi akakwana, mugadziri wepakutanga anowanzo suma mutengi kumumiririri wavo. Funga nezvazvo, rega mugadziri wepakutanga akurudzire mumiririri, kana kuzviwana iwe pachako zvakananga? Dayuan Factory kazhinji ine runyorwa rurefu rwevamiririri. Vane mahofisi nemapazi anenge munyika yose. Ndiani wandinofanira kutsvaga? Mamiriro emumiririri mumwe nomumwe akasiyana, uye nzira dzekutengesa uye mazano akasiyana zvikuru.Vamwe vakapfuma zvikuru, vanoshandura maoko avo kuva makore uye mvura, uye vanoda chaizvo kuita zvibvumirano zvikuru uye kuita madhiri makuru. Vamwe vane shungu dzekutarisisa pane mamwe minda, vachitarisira kuve mutungamiri mundima iyi uye nekutora ichi chikamu chetatu cheeka. Kana mirairo yeramangwana yakakura, simba rezvemari remumiririri richaedzwawo. Kana pasina dambudziko rakadaro, iwe unofanirwa kufunga nezve mumiririri ane akazvipira uye ane hunyanzvi zvigadzirwa uye rutsigiro rwehunyanzvi. Vamiriri vehunyanzvi vanowanzo kwanisa kupa zano rehunyanzvi. Semuyenzaniso: mamwe maturusi epamusoro-soro akachipa pane midziyo ine simba shoma. sei? Nekuti ane vatengi vazhinji vemuenzaniso uyu uye ane huwandu hukuru hwezvinhu, mutengo uri nani. Dzimwe nguva, vamiririri vanozotungamira vamwe vatengi vane simba rakaderera kuti vashandise midziyo yake yepamusoro-simba. Kune vashandisi, wadii kusarudza epamusoro magetsi emagetsi pamutengo mumwe chete kana wakaderera? Mutengo wacho unobatsira, kuvimbika kwakakwira, uye inventory management iri nyore zvakare. Kune mumiririri, nenzira iyi mukana wake mukuwana zvinhu unogona kuwedzera kusimbiswa, uye panguva imwe chete, njodzi yekuongorora inogona kuderedzwa (iyo mishoma yakasiyana-siyana, inoderedza ngozi yezvinyorwa).

Zvechokwadi, pane imwe pfungwa yevamiririri. Ndekupi kumwe kwaungawane mudziyo wakadaro uye mutengo wakadaro kunze kwangu? Ndichangobatirira pachikamu chimwe chete muzvitatu cheeka yemunda. Batsira vamwe uye iwe pachako, munhu wese anofara! (Ndine urombo, ikozvino inowanzonzi "win-win") Kuti uchengetedze iyi nzvimbo yemaeka matatu, mumiririri akashandawo nesimba uye akashandisa mari yakakwana. Yakakwana uye nyanzvi FAE kazhinji ndiyo nzira yavo huru. Zvechokwadi, izvi zvinobatsira kune vatengi. Professional FAE inogona kupa nyanzvi yemahara tekinoroji masevhisi ekuvandudza chigadzirwa uye kusimudzira. Kubva pakurevera magadzirirwo kuenda kuTotal Solutions. Kana paine chero matambudziko mukugadzira, isu tinogara tichifona uye tinogona kuzvigadzirisa nekukurumidza. Iwe unganyanya sei kusarudza nezvedanho rakadai rebasa? Nekuda kweiyo yakanamirwa siyana, maajenti aya akachengetwa zvakanaka. Ivo vanowanzoisa maodha kwete zvichibva pamirairo yevatengi kubva kufekitori yekutanga, asi zvichibva pakufanotaura kwevatengi. Dzimwe nguva, ivo vanozotorawo mukana wemutengo wakanaka kuwana boka rezvinhu zvichienderana nekupa uye kudiwa mamiriro ekutanga fekitori. Nenzira iyi, zvikumbiro zvevatengi zvezvinhu zvinovimbiswa chero nguva. Kupihwa kwakavimbiswa uye kupihwa panguva yakakodzera dzimwe nguva kwakakosha kwandiri kupfuura mutengo. Chiitiko chimwe chete chiripo ne microcontrollers (MCUs) (chenjera, nhasi 8-bit michina inowanzove yakachipa pane 4-bit michina).

MaAgents anopa machipisi ari kunyanyo shandiswa mumidziyo yemumba. Iwe unogona kusarudza imwe kana maviri machipi ane ndangariro hombe uye akati wandei mainterface ekubata zvigadzirwa zvese. Ronga PCB yakabatana uye nyorazve zvirongwa zvakasiyana zvezvigadzirwa zvakasiyana. Kana iwe uchidawo A / D shanduko yekushandura, mutengo we microcontroller ine A / D interface yakasiyana zvachose. kuita sei? Nenzira yakanaka, kana kutendeseka kwekutendeuka kusina kukwirira, FAE yemumiririri ichakurudzira dunhu duku rinogona kutevedzera A / D interface nezvikamu zvitatu, uye dambudziko iri richagadziriswa. Chii chandinofanira kuita kana chigadzirwa chakakosha uye ini ndisingakwanise kuwana chinongedzo chigadzirwa kwechinguva? Pane musimboti: pakusarudza chigadzirwa, edza kuchinjika kune chigadzirwa pane kurega chigadzirwa chichienderana neni. Zvinorevei? Pakusarudza modhi, unogona kubata vamiririri vakati wandei uye woteerera kune yavo FAE uye Sales sumo. Kana iwe uchida kusarudza MOSFET, unogona kuona kuti ndeapi mamodheru uye anowanzoshandiswa mukati meiyo inodiwa application renji? Kana iwo makuru ma paramita achisangana nezvinodiwa zvekushandisa asi mamwe ma paramita asina kunaka, ungafunga here nzira dzekuita dzimwe shanduko? Semuenzaniso: kana iyo leakage ikozvino yakakura uye iyo pa-resistance yakakura, tanga waona kana inogona kukundwa? Zvinoita here kugadzirisa dunhu kuti rienderane neichi chinonangwa mudziyo? Muchikamu chakareba chechigadzirwa chefekitari yekutanga, pane chaizvo zvishandiso zvakawanda zvakanangwa kune mamwe misika yekunze uye vatengi chaivo. Izvo hazvikurudzirwe mumusika weChinese uye hazviwanzo kushandiswa nevatengi.

Kana iwe uchingofunga kuti yakanakira application yako uye sarudza iyi modhi, iwe unozogara uine matambudziko asingaperi. Zvinogona kutora mavhiki akati wandei kunyorera masampuli. Nekuti iyo yekutanga mugadziri haakurudzire, haiwanikwe mumuenzaniso raibhurari uye FAE haina iyo paruoko. PP maodha ari kunyanya kunetsa. Kana iyo yakaderera kuodha huwandu (MOQ) ikasasvikwa, mumiririri achabata yakawedzerwa huwandu here kana uchaichengeta? Kana iyo PP isingafambi zvakanaka uye imwe PP ichidikanwa asi iyo yekutanga yakawedzera huwandu ichiri kushaikwa, zvichatonyanya kuoma. Zvakanaka, PP yakazopfuura, uye dambudziko reMP ramuka. Iyo Forecast inofanirwa kuve yechokwadi uye iyo PO haigone kuchinjwa. Zvakaoma kune vatengi vemazuva ano kuita izvi. Zvakanaka, kunyange ukaita. Kana pane dambudziko nekugadzirwa kwefekitari yepakutanga, ipapo ichava kuchema pasina mhinduro zuva rega rega, uye kuchema kwekukundikana! Ndekupi kwandingawane kunobva zvinhu uye zvinotsiva? Ndiani angakubatsira? Kana iwe ukamirira kusvika pakupera kwegore kuti mutaurirane nezvemitengo, mungataurirana sei nezvekutenga? Zvinonyadzisa zvikuru kuti mumiririri achengetedze mutengo wepakutanga, nokuti ivo pachavo vakatopiswa! Kana zvinhu zvasvika, vatengi havazvitore nenguva; kana iyo hesiti yaenda, vatengi vanopopota nekunyunyuta. Ndiani angazvitakura? Naizvozvo, kusarudzwa kwechikamu cheR&D kwakakosha pakuvandudza nekugadzira zvigadzirwa. Kusarudza "maitiro" zvigadzirwa zvinowana zvakapetwa kaviri mhedzisiro nehafu yekuedza. Paunenge uchinge wasarudza iyo modhi, iwe uchave unokwanisa kutenga mune ramangwana zviri nyore; zvikasadaro, zvichava zvakaoma kuburuka.

Kana chero munhu achifunga kuti kudzikiswa kwemutengo kuri kungononoka kubhadhara kuburikidza nekutenga uye kutamba matinji, saka vanozotarisirwa pasi. Zviri nani chaizvo kuona zviri kure, kuzvibatsira, uye kuremekedzwa nevamwe.

 

Mutengo uye mutengo wezvakajairwa zvigadzirwa Pakubata nevamiririri, hazvidzivisike kutaurirana mutengo pakupedzisira. Zvino zvatanzwisisa zvigadzirwa zve semiconductor uye mutengo wazvo, ngatidzokere kubhizinesi. Isu tinonzwisisa kuti mutengo wechigadzirwa unotarwa nemusika pane iyo inonzi mutengo (kunze kweyakakosha zvigadzirwa). Kunyangwe isu tikanzwisisa mutengo wechigadzirwa ichi uye tiine pfungwa yacho, hapana chikonzero chekuzvitaura kana tichikurukura nezve mutengo, nekuti mutengo ibhizinesi reanopikisa uye hauna chekuita newe! Wazvitaura, asi mumwe wacho haana kufara. Mutengo wemusika wechigadzirwa i1 yuan. Nyangwe mari yacho iri 1 cent chete, haakutengesi ne9 cents. Ukuwo, kana mutengo wake uri 2 yuan, haungamuisire odha pa2 yuan zvakapusa. Chikonzero chacho chiri nyore, misika inotarisa mutengo uye haina chokuita nemari. Ndiani watinofanira kutenga chigadzirwa nemutengo wemusika we1 yuan, mumiririri? Mutengesi? Kune chigadzirwa chine mutengo wemusika yuan 1, tingavavarira mutengo we9 cents 8, 9 cents 5, kana kutodzika?

Ndinofunga kuti tinogona kutanga kupatsanura zvikamu zvinoda kutengwa muzvikamu zviviri: general-chinangwa uye chakakosha-chinangwa. Izvo zvinodaidzwa kuti pasi rose zvinoreva zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinogadzirwa nevazhinji vanogadzira zvinogona kuve zvepasirese uye zvinoenderana. Zvakadai se: 78xx series, 74xxxx logic series, uye mamwe amplifiers ekushanda, magetsi anofananidzira, MOSFETs, diodes, transistors, nezvimwewo. Hunhu hwezvigadzirwa izvi ndezvi: kukosha kwakaderera, kushandiswa kwakasimba, uye vazhinji vanogadzira. Nekutenga kwezvinhu izvi, ndinofunga kuti zviri nani kutenga kubva kune vatengesi. Vatengesi vari kurehwa pano vanoreva makambani ane chimwe chikero, huwandu hukuru hwenzvimbo, uye mushure mekutengesa garandi, zvakafanana pazasi. (Vamwe vatengesi pari zvino vadiki pachiyero uye havana nzvimbo yekuverenga uye vanowanzo tsvaga zvinhu zvinoenderana nemirairo yevatengi. Kuvapo kwemakambani aya kunofanirwa kuve nekunzwisisa uye kukosha kwavo. Ndingashandisa sei simba ravo kuti zvindinakire? Tichazvikurukura gare gare.) Unogona kuedza kutsvaga mumiririri ane odha ye7805 1kk uye ona kana vakakugamuchira uchinyemwerera. Sei? Nekuti kunyangwe bhizinesi iri richigona kutangwa zvinobudirira, 1KK inongodhura ingangoita 100K pamwedzi paavhareji. Kunyangwe mutengo weyuniti uri $0.10, ibhizimusi remadhora zviuru gumi. Kana paine 5% gross purofiti, inongoda 3,000 RMB

Ngatitarisei mumiririri uyu zvakare. Chekutanga, ivo vanofanirwa kugadzira Forecasts yevagadziri vepakutanga. Kune izvi zvigadzirwa zvisina zvigadzirwa zvehunyanzvi, kukosha kwakaderera, uye hazvi "ita" mari, vagadziri vepakutanga vanowanzozvigovera. Kufanotaura kunoitwa nevamiririri kunowanzovharwa. Banga rimwe; Ini pakupedzisira ndakakwanisa kuishandura kuPO, uye fekitori yekutanga haizosimbisi nguva yekutumira kwauri. Zvakadaro, kana iwe ukaiwana muhurongwa, iwe unenge wakagadzirira kuburitsa chitupa uye kutora zvinhu; kana ikanonoka muhurongwa, haufanirwe kuimhanyisa. Kunyange ukandikurudzira, hapana achakuteerera. Saka, kana ukakurumidza kusvika, unofanira kuitakura woiisa mudura. Chinhu ichi chinorema uye chinotora nzvimbo. Pandinononoka kusvika, vatengi vanouya kuzondiyeuchidza zuva nezuva uye kundityisidzira nguva nenguva. Zvinozogoneka kutumira zvinhu, asi mutengi anoda kuti utumire mutakuri nekuti mutsara wekugadzira wanonoka. Ah mwari wangu, chinhu ichi chingatakurwa sei nekutumira kwakaringana? Asi hapana imwe nzira, ndiani achanonoka? Pakupedzisira, kana yasvika kune mutengi, kuchine mazuva makumi matatu ne60 ekugadzirisa pamwedzi akamirira. Munguva iyi yakareba, mitengo ichachinjawo. Kana mutengo wemusika uchikwira, vatengi vachati, "Pane chibvumirano chekutanga, uye isu tichazviita maererano nechibvumirano." Kana mutengo wakaderera, vatengi vachati, "Mutungamiri wedu akati, ikozvino mutengo wakaderera, chii chandinofanira kuita?" Ndinokwanisa here kubhadhara bhiri nemutengo wekutanga? Mushure mekutenderera uku, kana uchikwanisa kuwana yuan gumi kana masere kubva pa3,000 yuan, unenge uine rombo rakanaka pasina kurasikirwa nemari. yedambudziko nevatengi. Kunyangwe vamiririri vashanda nesimba, vanonoka kugadzira, uye kana vatungamiriri vachivapa mhosva, vatengi vanozotaridzika zvakanaka pavari? Kana ukasatombova shamwari pakupedzisira, zvinotova kurasikirwa kupfuura kuwana. Ndiani angatakura kurwadziwa uku? Kune izvi zvigadzirwa zvakajairika, vamiririri vanonyanya kuda kubata nevatengesi nevatengesi. Mukutanga kwegore, ndakatanga ndaita Forecast ye xxxKK ndikamirira kuti mugadziri wepakutanga apindire ozoendesa kuPO. Dai zvinhu zvacho zvisipo, vatengesi vacho vaisandimhanyisa. Zvakadaro, vaive nemasheya kana mamwe mabhureki aripo. Kana nhumbi dzasvika chingondifonerai voronga kuzodzitora, mari yopera. Huya neruoko rumwe uende nerumwe, kunyangwe mapoinzi kana maviri achaita mari. Kana mutengi wekupedzisira akawana mumiriri, ivo vanonyanya kuda kusuma mutengi kune vatengesi vavo nevatengesi, uye munhu wese anofara. Kufekitari yekutanga, sei uchiramba uchigadzira kana isingaite mari? Ini ndinofunga chikonzero chikuru ndechekuti vamwe vatengi vanoshandisa machipisi avo makuru uye machipisi makuru vanoda machipisi aya. Kumisa kupihwa kweaya ebetsero machipi kunogona kurasikirwa nevatengi ava; asi chikonzero chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti: kugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zve semiconductor zvinoda "balance", kureva kuti, Pane yakatarwa mwedzi unobuda.

Uye kudiwa kwemusika kune imwe mwaka, inova iyo inonzi off-mwaka uye peak mwaka. Kana maodha ekugadzira asina kukwana, fekitori yekutanga inozoda izvi zvinogoneka uye hukuru-hukuru zvigadzirwa kuti zvizadze. Ichi ndicho chikonzero zvigadzirwa izvi zvinowanzo kurairwa pasina kuziva chaiyo nguva yekuendesa. Kune vatengesi nevatengesi, vanogona kutakura 3, 4 kana kunyange mamwe mabhureki panguva imwe chete. Zvigadzirwa izvi zvinowanikwa zvakanyanya uye zvinogona kushandiswa nemhuri yega yega. Ivo havatye zvakasaririra, uye kazhinji mazuva ekuchinja akareba. Chero nguva yenguva uye chero chitoro chakachipa, ini ndichatenga chero mhando. Saka ivo vane yakawanda hesera uye kazhinji mitengo yakanakisa. Ehe, kana uchitenga, unogona kuwana akati wandei vatengesi kuti vaenzanise mitengo. Iwe hausi kuzotambura chero kurasikirwa nekutenga tenderera. Kunyange mutengesi mumwe chete anogona kutarisa kana pane kusiyana kwemitengo yemhando dzakasiyana? Kuzvinetserei nokusawana mutengo wakanakisisa? Zvisinei, ini pachangu ndinonzwa kuti hazvina maturo kuenzanisa chete pamutengo, nokuti dzakafanana. Zvakakwana kutarisa sevhisi uye mukurumbira wekambani uye kunanga imwe kana maviri makambani. Kubatira pamwe kwenguva refu kunoita kuti munhu wose asununguke uye afare. Mutengo unokosha. Iwe haugone kuita chero chaunoda. Mushure mezvose, ichi chiratidzo cheyako basa nhanho uye kugona, pamwe neruvimbo rwemukuru wako nevatungamiriri. Asi usanyanya kutorwa moyo. Kana paine matambudziko nemhando yemutengesi kana kuendesa, purofiti diki yawakaita inenge yadzima pasina kuteedzera. Zvinokukuvadza uye hazvina kunaka kune kambani zvakare.

 

8. Mutengo uye Mutengo weChakakosha Chinangwa Zvigadzirwa Ndinorevei neyakatsaurirwa chigadzirwa (IC)? Kutaura zvazviri, handizivi kuti ndozvitsanangura sei ini. Zvechokwadi, kushandiswa kwavo kunowanzove kwakanyatsojeka, zvakadai se: LCD TV chips, tablet computer chips, set-top box chips, etc. Asi izvi hazvisi zvachose. Semuyenzaniso, mamwe mamicrocontrollers uye DSP machipi ane akawanda maficha ekushandisa, asi isu tinowanzo sarudza iwo chaiwo-chinangwa machipisi. Maagents haatore mamwe machipi asina kujekesa ins uye kunze kwemutengi. Vashandisi veaya machipisi havazovape kune vamiririri pasina kusimbiswa kubva kumugadziri wekutanga. Ndinonzwa kuti aya anofanira kunge ari machipisi atinogarotaura. Mutengo wemasekete akabatanidzwa unowanzo kukamurwa kuita mutengo wekugadzira, mutengo wekusimudzira uye mutengo wekutengesa, asi kutaura zvazviri aya ese anovhiringa maakaundi. Zvakadaro, ndeapi maakaundi anoshumwa panguva dzakasiyana. Kana iyo yakabatanidzwa yedunhu inogadzirwa nemugadziri pachayo, kuderera kwemidziyo kunoverengera huwandu hwemutengo wekugadzira. Asi midziyo iyi haingobudisi chigadzirwa ichi chete. Nzira yekugovera sei chikamu ichi chemutengo zvine musoro? Pamusoro pesilicon wafers, imwe mvura, magetsi, uye gasi zvakagovaniswawo. Kana huwandu hwekugadzira huri pahuwandu hwakazara, zvakanaka. Kana huwandu hwekugadzira hwasara, ndiani achatakura mutengo wechikamu chasara? Haha, iyi haisi mari shoma.

Ehezve, kana iyo chip uye package zviri kunze, saka kuverenga kwemutengo wekugadzira kuri nyore. Zvakadaro, mutengo wekugadzirisa wevamwe ndiwo mutengo wekugadzira weIC. Mari yebudiriro ndiyo yakaipisisa kutaura. Mubvunzo wakapusa ndewekuti, mihoro yasachigaro nemukuru mukuru inoonekwa semitengo yebudiriro? Zvakadaro, dengu iri rinogona kuve nechero chaunoda. Kuenda zvakadzika, kana mutengo wekusimudzira uri muripo wakatemerwa, saka marii inogovaniswa neIC yega yega? Kuvandudzwa kwechigadzirwa kunouya pakutanga, uye kutengesa kunouya gare gare. Izvi zvechokwadi zvakaoma kutaura. Kana paine huwandu hunotarisirwa kana chigadzirwa chichigadzirwa, asi muhupenyu kubva pakutanga kwekutengesa kusvika pakubviswa kwekupedzisira kwechigadzirwa, iyo chaiyo nhamba yekutengesa ichave makore akati wandei gare gare (zvechokwadi, dzimwe nguva mwedzi yakati wandei) , uye ukuru hwekutsauka kwehuwandu uhu hwakakurisa. Musiyano uripo pakati pemiriyoni imwe ne10 miriyoni kagumi. Naizvozvo, kana mutengesi akakurukura nezve mutengo newe uye achizvirova dundundu pamusoro pekuti mari yavo yekusimudzira imarii, pfungwa dzako dzinogona kudzungaira nekufunga nezve echinyakare mazwi: chiseka. Hazvina kunonoka kuti udzoke pfungwa dzako kana mutengo wataurirana.

Mari yekutengesa zvakare chikamu chikuru, kusanganisira pre-sales uye mushure mekutengesa. Kare, zvikumbiro zveIC zvaive zviri nyore, uye mainjiniya ekushandisa evagadziri aiwanzozvibata ivo pachavo. Mazuvano, maICs ari kusimukira akananga kudanho rehurongwa. Pamusoro pehardware, ivo zvakare vane hukama zvakanyanya nesoftware uye kunyange yechitatu-bato software. Vatengi havachagutsikane neakareruka mareferenzi magadzirirwo asi anoda seti yakazara yemhinduro dzekushandisa. Izvi zvakakwana kupfuura kugona kwevagadziri veIC pachavo. Ivo vanofanirwa kushandirapamwe nenyanzvi dzechitatu-bato dhizaini makambani kuti asangane nezvinodiwa nevatengi, uye anotoda kutenga yakakodzera yechitatu-bato software kuti ipe kune vatengi mahara. Mushure mekutengesa sevhisi zvakare inodhura. Kana vatengi vaine matambudziko mushure mekushandisa chigadzirwa, zvisinei kuti chii chikonzero, mugadziri weIC anowanzo kuve wekutanga kubatwa. Vaifunga kuti fekitari yekutanga yaigona kuzvibata. Kutaura zvazviri, izvi hazvisizvo. Sezvo kuyedzwa kuchiwanzo kuburitswa kunze (kunyanya yekuyedza software inopihwa kunze), kuongororwa kutadza kwechigadzirwa hakusi nyore. Nekuti kuyedza chigadzirwa chefekitori kazhinji chinongotarisa kuti chakakodzera here kana kuti chisina kukodzera, hapana anoziva kuti ndeapi maparamendi asina kukodzera. Kana paine matambudziko ehurongwa anosanganisirwa, mugadziri wacho pachawo haazombokwanisa kuzvigadzirisa, uye mari yekuwedzera ichaitwa.

Kunyangwe iyo investimendi yega yega IC chigadzirwa kubva mukusimudzirwa kusvika kwekupedzisira kupinda mumusika yakakura, zvisinei, tinoramba tichisimbisa kuti chete mutengo wemusika monopoly zvigadzirwa zvine chekuita ne "mutengo", senge: peturu, magetsi, pombi mvura. , etc. Pese pese pavano "gadzirisa" mitengo imhaka yekuti "mitengo" inokwira. Hapana hukama pakati pemitengo yezvigadzirwa zvakazara uye mutengo. Mitengo yezvinhu yakawedzera, mitengo yemagetsi yawedzera, uye mitengo yevashandi yakawedzera. Wakamboona mitengo yematerevhizheni, makombiyuta, muchina wokuwachisa uye mafiriji ichikwira here? Huzhinji hwezvigadzirwa zve semiconductor (tisingasanganisire: akasiyana makadhi ekufambisa, makadhi ekurapa, uye akasiyana makadhi anodiwa muhupenyu, basa, uye bhizinesi) zvigadzirwa zvakatengeswa zvizere. Mutengo wezvigadzirwa zve semiconductor unogona kungowedzerwa nekufungidzira, kwete nekuwedzera. Mutengo weIC unobva kupi? Mutengo wezvigadzirwa zvakajairika zvinowanzotemwa nemusika; mutengo wezvigadzirwa zvehunyanzvi unowanzo kutsanangurwa nevakwikwidzi. Semuenzaniso: IGBT modules ye inverter air conditioners inopiwa nemakambani maviri, uye ivo vanokwikwidza. Mitengo yekutengesa yezvigadzirwa ichave yakanyatsoenderana nereferensi yeumwe neumwe.

Iwe unogona kuterera, kune isingaverengeki mienzaniso yakatenderedza. Zvakakosha kunzwisisa izvi! Chinangwa chikuru chekutaurirana mari nemitengo ndechekuderedza mitengo. Tsvaga nzira yakarurama uye tanga kucheka zvishoma nezvishoma. Dzimwe shamwari dzinofunga kuti mutengo wezvigadzirwa zvakajairika uri nyore kutaurirana uye kutema. Nekuti kune vatengesi vakawanda uye makwikwi anotyisa, zviri nyore kuti vabati vehove vawane pundutso. Special product suppliers vanowanzova mumwe chete kana vaviri. Vane nzwisiso yakanyarara kune mumwe nemumwe uye hapana chikonzero chekutaurirana mutengo! Zvisinei, kunzwa kwangu kwakapesana chaizvo.

 

Kuve mumiriri wehunyanzvi weiyo yakakurumbira brand IC kutsvaga kwevazhinji veIC kutengesa varapi, kumisa yakanaka bhizinesi mufananidzo wekambani (mashandiro, mari, nezvimwewo); kuve nechokwadi chebhizinesi rakagadzikana uye purofiti; kunyorera vari nani vekutengesa vepamusoro, etc. Mabhenefiti anotaura ega. Iwe unogona sei kuve mumiririri akadaro nekukurumidza sezvinobvira? Handisi kutsvinyira nemaune. Chokwadi, handizivi. Handina mhinduro kumubvunzo uyu. Kana ndikakuudza, ndinofanira kunge ndichikunyepera, zvimwe ndingadai ndaka...

Muchitoro chemabhuku munhandare yendege, iyo demo TV inowanzo ridza loop yemumwe munhu achidzidzisa nezve bhizinesi manejimendi uye manejimendi. Inzwi nemanzwiro zvakasanganiswa, uye zvinobaya mwoyo kuiteerera. Asi pandakapinda mundege ndokudzikama ndokufunga nezvazvo, zvakaratidzika kuti zvakanga zvisina kudaro. Vanowanzovatumidza sevadzidzisi, asi kashoma sevamabhizinesi. Chikonzero chiri nyore saizvozvi. Chekutanga, vezvemabhizimisi havana nguva yekusara. Chechipiri, vatengesi havana nguva yekuwana mari. Vangawana sei nguva yekufunga nezvekuita mari? Hongu, kunewo vanamuzvinabhizimisi vanotsikisa mabhuku nekupa hurukuro. Zvisinei, unotenda nyaya dzavo dzebudiriro uye zvakaitika here? Handitendi zvakadaro! Nguva pfupi yadarika, ndakasangana nemushandi wefekitori yekutanga yeEurope uye ndakataura nezvemusika weChinese. Mifungo yake, kunzwisisa kwake, uye zvaanoda zvakaratidzika kuva zvinotikurudzira. Iyi ikambani yakasimbiswa yeEuropean odhiyo tekinoroji iyo isingangope marezinesi ematekinoroji asiwo inogadzira maIC. Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa kudhizaini kupatsanurwa, kutapurirana, kukwidziridza, nezvimwe zve pre-audio, uye inoshandiswa mumakrofoni, musanganiswa, uye preamplifiers. Vakanga vasisakwanise kumisa musika mukuru weChinese. Pakutanga vakashandisa agent yemhiri kwemakungwa kusimudzira nekutengesa munyika huru, asi vakaona kuti rimwe bato rakanga ratove pamusoro pezvavanokwanisa, uye zvishoma nezvishoma vakanzwisisa: Kune vanhu vanotaura chiChinese uye vanogona kuita zvinhu zveChinese. Vemhiri kwemakungwa maChinese, maTaiwanese, maHong Kongers, mainlanders, etc. vese vane nzira dzavo dzebhizimusi, uye vekumainland vanofanira kuve vakakosha kune vatengi vekunyika.

Nekuda kweizvozvo, vakatanga kufunga nezve kutsvaga "nyanzvi" vamiririri mu mainland China. Ndeapi maitiro avo emazuva asingaonekwi? Mumiririri haagoni kunge akakurisa. Mushure mezvose, iyi IC ine hunyanzvi uye musika wekushandisa unogumira. Mumiririri akakurisa haakwanise kutarisira bhizinesi diki rakadaro. Zvechokwadi, haigoni kuva duku zvikuru. Mushure mezvose, vamwe vashandi uye kuchengetedzwa kwemari zvichiri kudikanwa. . Pakati pavo, iyo isingambopukunyuki ndiyo yakanyanya kunaka. Parizvino, isu tinofanirwa kushanda mundima iyi yekunyorera uye kuve nerutsigiro rwehunyanzvi hwekushandisa. Kana iwe uchigona kuvandudza kana kubatanidza-kugadzira maapplication, ndiyo ingave icing pane keke. Chikonzero chavo zvakare chakajeka kwazvo, ndiko kuti, kuburikidza nevanodyidzana, ivo vanogona nekukasira kunzwisisa musika: Chii chinonzi indasitiri iyi? Ndivanaani vanonyanya kuita (vatengesi, vatengi)? Chii chinonyanya kutariswa nemutengi, mhando, mutengo, basa rehunyanzvi? Ndeipi mhinduro iri nyore kupinda, uye nzira yekuwedzera mushure mekupinda? Panogona kuve ne-pa-saiti yekutengesa nzira kuti ubatsire nekukurumidza kuwedzera musika wechigadzirwa?

Chiyero chakanga chiri nyore uye chisina kukwirira, asi kuoma chaiko kwakapfuura zvavaitarisira. Pane zvakawanda zvekuzvirumbidza, asi "nyanzvi" vamiririri uye vatengesi vakanyanya kushoma. Panofanira kunge paine, asi havasati vazviwana. Mushure mekuchinjana kumwe, ndaiita kunge ndine muono. Ehe! Vangani veshamwari dzedu vasingazive vanoda kuvhura makambani avo se "Chinese mishonga zvitoro" vane zvese zvavanoda uye vanogona kutora maodha, anonzi "one-stop" sevhisi. Ndinotya kuti kana ndisingakwanisi kubata vatengi vose, ndichatsvaga vamwe vatengi, uye pakupedzisira, kunyange zvandinogona kuita zvichatorwa nemamwe makambani. Kana kuti vari kunetsekana kuti vatengi vachafunga kuti havana kukwana kutsigira zvivakwa uye hutera husina simba, uye havazokwanisi kugamuchira maodha makuru mune ramangwana. Nenzira iyi, ndiri kuwedzera uye kure kure ne "nyanzvi". Dzimwe shamwari dzichatenga mutsara wechigadzirwa kwenguva yakareba sezvavanokwanisa. Chero bedzi chigadzirwa chinogona kuva mumiririri, ndichasangana nemamiriro ose. Kana mapato maviri aya achitaurirana, vanowanzobvunza kuti yakawanda sei yekutengesa yandinayo, mangani ekutengesa mapoinzi andinayo, mitsetse mingani yechigadzirwa yandinayo, vangani vatengesi nevainjiniya vandinavo. Ndeipi nzvimbo yangu yepamusoro yekutengesa? Funga nezvezvinofungwa nevatorwa, ndezvechokwadi chaizvo. Haaizoda kudzidzisa mumiririri ari ega. Anonyatso kuda mumwe wake aita budiriro mumusika uyu uye akasununguka nazvo, uye anogona kumubatsira kusvika kune vatengi nemisika nekukasira. Ini ndinogadzira zvigadzirwa uye iwe une machaneli, inova iyo yekukunda-kuhwina yavanogara vachitaura nezvayo.

Pane mukaha pakati pepfungwa dzevatorwa nemamiriro edu ezvinhu. Hazvishamisi kuti hatigoni kuwana zvatinoda uye zvatinoda kuita hazvigoni kuitwa. Sezvineiwo, akayeuka kuti akasangana neshamwari kubva kumugadziri wepamusoro weIC pakutanga kwegore, uye akataurawo nezvevamiririri. Kutengesa kwavo kunonyanya kuvimba nevashoma vamiririri vepamusoro. Asi ivo vanonyanya kutarisisa kukuwedzera kwezvigadzirwa zvitsva neminda mitsva, izvo zviri pachena kuti hazvisi izvo zvinofarirwa nevaya vakuru. Tisingamududzi iye pachake, kunyange dzimbahwe ravo rekutanga refekitari rakakuwana kwakaoma kusundidzira ava vamiririri vakuru kuti vashande pamwero wakati. Vamiririri ava vagara vakajaira kuwana zvigadzirwa zvepakutanga uye vatengi vakuru, uye vobva vavimba nemari yavo hombe kuita kutengesa. Asi zviri nyore sei kuvimba chete nekutengesa uye FAE yefekitari yekutanga? Vakafungawo kutsvaga kushandira pamwe nemamwe makambani ekugadzira echitatu uye makambani ekutengesa mune imwe ndima. Tanga nekutsanangura zvekushandisa kuburikidza nevamiririri, uye pakupedzisira tarisira kumira uye kuve vamiririri vavo. Tave nenguva tisina kuonana. Vaifanira kunge vakaita zvese zvavaida kuita, handiti? Hongu, zvinoita sekunge vanhu vashoma vane hanya chaizvo uye vanoomerera pakuva "nyanzvi", kunyangwe vanhu vazhinji pakati pavo vachiwanzo shamisira se "nyanzvi".

 

10. Iva mumiririri! Ndichitora mukana wekukwazisa kweKisimusi neGore Idzva, maneja wepakutanga wefekitari yePre-audio IC yandataura pamusoro apa akataura neni nezvekutsvaga kwake mumiriri wenyika mazuva maviri apfuura. "Yave yakareba, ndaifunga kuti yatoitwa!" Izvi zvaipfuura zvandaitarisira. Ndaigona kungobvuma zvakasununguka: "Zvakanaka, ndicharamba ndakatarira kwauri, uye ini ndichakurudzira chimwe chinhu chakanaka kwauri." Chirungu changu chakanga chisina kukwana kuti ndinyatsonzwisisa kuvhiringidzika kwake. Zvinoratidzika kwandiri kuti vashandi vedu vekugovera IC vakachengetwa zvakanyanya kana kuti havana chivimbo chakakwana mavari kana kuti vane zvimwe zvakavanzika? Kuda kuziva kwangu kwakaita kuti ndifungidzire nezvevashandi vekuparadzira veIC. Zvingave kuti makwikwi aya anokurumidza kuita kuti vanhu vakawanda vanyanye kunetseka nezvekuita mari nekukurumidza uye kugara kure nebhizinesi renguva refu. Tariro yacho inoshamisa, asi ndinofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti ndinogona kurarama kusvikira zuva apo kariro yacho inoitika! Nyaya dzechokwadi dzinofanirwa kutariswa, saka kazhinji tinopedzisira tave kubatikana nebhizinesi rinoita kunge riri kubatikana mazuva ese. Ndagara ndichishamisika kuti vazhinji veshamwari dzangu vanopedza zuva ravo rese vachibvunza nezvekuti vangawane kupi zviteshi zvekutenga zvakachipa, kana kushamisika kuti ndeipi yekutanga fekitori kana mumiririri yekutengesa yavanogona kuwana. Mari yese yemabhizimusi iwayo haiyerwe mu% asi nemasendi kana masendi. Asi vakanga vakabatikana zvikuru uye vachinakidzwa.

Dzimwe nguva pashure pezvokudya zvemanheru, vanochema kuti bhizimisi rakaoma uye vanofanira kushanda nguva isina kuzara kufekitari yokutanga, vamiririri, vatakuri vezvinhu, uye vanotenga. Nguva nenguva, ndinobvunza kune nzira dzakanaka uye nzira dzekuita mari yakawanda uye kuita bhizinesi hombe. Ndinonyara kukurukura nyaya idzi nekuti handina kuita mari yakawanda, uye chokwadi hapana mhinduro yakanaka. Ndinogona kungotaura nezvazvo pasina. Zvisinei, kana ndikataura pamusoro pemanzwiro angu ndiri ndoga, ndinosarudza mabhizimisi anodya nguva uye anoshanda nesimba. Hakusi kuti ndakazvarwa ndichishanda nesimba uye ndiine ushingi hwekutarisana nematambudziko, asi ndinoona sekuti mabhizimisi akadaro anonyanya kukosha. Bhizinesi riri nyore rinowanzotanga nekutenga, chero bedzi iwe uchipedza simba rakakwana uye zviwanikwa zvekushandisa kuti uwane odha. Bhizinesi riri nyore rinowanzotanga nemutengo uye nguva yekubhadhara. Edza kutsvaga nzira dzekuita kuti mutengo wako udzike pane vamwe, uye nguva yekubhadhara inogona kuva yakareba kupfuura vamwe. Zvechokwadi, purofiti yebhizimisi rakadaro inogona kuyerwa chete mumasendi nemasendi. Pakupedzisira, ichashaya basa kana kumuka mangwana ichionekwa kuti yabiwa nevamwe zvakare. Sekutaura kwavo, vanouya nekukasira uye vanoenda nekuchimbidza. Sezvo bhizimisi richigona kubvutwa zviri nyore kubva kune vamwe, hazvishamisi kuti vamwe vacharibvuta mumaminiti mashomanana. Haisi yakaderera-kabhoni, haina kuchengetedza simba, haina kushamwaridzana nemhoteredzo, uye haina maonero esainzi nezvebudiriro.

Kune rimwe divi, tarisa mabhizinesi ane matambudziko nematambudziko. Inotanga neSouring, kutumira sampuli, kugadzira prototypes, uye pakupedzisira Total Solution. Haisi kungobatsira chete nekuvandudza Hardware, inobatsirawo nekuvandudza software. Dzimwe nguva tinotofanira kubatsira vatengi kuronga "nzvimbo dzekutengesa" dzezvigadzirwa zvavo. Nekuti mutengi ataura kuti iwe unonyatsoziva nezvekuita kwechigadzirwa chako, uye iwe unonyatsoziva maitiro ekuratidza kuita kwakanaka uku kune vatengi vedu. Dzimwe nguva ndinozonzwa kugumbuka, "Ndave chii? Pasina ini, chii chaunoda kuti R&D nedhipatimendi rekutengesa riite? Uchiri sabhuku zuva rose. Izvi hazvina kunaka, hazvina kunaka." Ndizvo zvose: "Mutoro mukuru unobva kudenga." Yusi vanhu,..." Migumisiro yekuedza kwakadaro haina chokwadi. Kana kukanganisa kunouraya kunoitika mune imwe link yeR&D, kugadzira, nekutengesa, zvese zvakamboedza kuitwa zvicharasika. Zvisineyi, mukana weizvi hauna kukwirira. Mushure mezvo. zvose, imari huru yevatengi kukudziridza chigadzirwa chitsva uye kuchiisa mumusika, uye havazomhanyi machiri pasina kunyatsofungisisa Mugumisiro wakaipisisa ndewokuti mutengi anoona kuti chigadzirwa chekupedzisira hachikwanisi kuzadzisa zvinotarisirwa Kusiiwa mushure mekunge yaiswa pamusika Asi mirairo inopedzwa panguva iyi inogona kubatsira kazhinji kusunga pfumo, uye kazhinji pachine chiyero, kana mhinduro yemusika yakanaka, zviwanikwa zvichave zvega. Rudzi urwu rwegoho haruna kudzikama uye kwenguva refu chete, asiwo rwakaoma kubvutwa nevamwe.

Kana vamwe vachida kubata bhizinesi iri, hongu ivo vanofanirwa kuita chinhu chimwe chete. Zvikasadaro, vanogona sei kukwikwidza zvakakwana kuti vatore bhizinesi rakadaro? Anofanira kukwanisa kutakura "mutoro mukuru" wakadaro. Kana zviri zvekuyedza "kunhonga mapichisi" nekuwana mumwe munhu kana 1 kana 2 vanhu, izvo hazvisi nyore. Sourcing, R&D, kudzora kwemhando, kutenga, kushambadzira, hutungamiriri, ungade kuyedza zvese izvi zvinhu? Uyezve, kana mutengesi akadaro akaraswa, ndiani anovimbisa kuti mutsva achaita zviri nani? Vashoma vatengi vanoda kuisa pangozi kubhejera kwakadaro. Tisingatauri manzwiro akauya munzira. Unoda kuva mumiririri akaita sei?