Nigute ushobora kubona umukozi wawe mwiza wo kugura?

Mugihe cyo kuganira burimunsi, abaguzi benshi bakunze kwinubiraabakozi gira imyifatire mibi, wirengagize iyo bahamagaye, hanyuma ubone gusubira inyuma iyo ubajije ingero. Kubana nabo ntabwo aribyo batekerezaga. Hoba hariho ibanga? Nkumutanga, hafi ya bose bafite uburambe. Abakiriya benshi barahamagara bagatangira gusaba ibiciro no kugereranya ibiciro. Noneho hazavugwa ko igiciro cya XXX ari cyiza…. Abatanga ibicuruzwa akenshi batakaza inyungu iyo bumvise ibi. Kuberako, kubwimpanuka, umurongo wawe wo hasi wasohotse. Ntuzaba umukiriya mwiza kuri bo. Icyo witayeho ni igiciro kuruta ibicuruzwa. Niba ushaka gukora ubucuruzi nawe mugihe kizaza, uzaza niba igiciro ari gito uyumunsi, kandi uzahava niba igiciro kiri hejuru ejo. Abatanga isoko nkumukiriya uhamye (ubwinshi ntabwo aribyingenzi) aho kuba umukiriya uzerera. Abakiriya bamwe batekereza ko ibyo bakeneye ari binini kandi bishimishije kubakozi. Ariko buriwese azi ko umubare munini, niko bitera ibibazo. Niba umukiriya atavuze ibyateganijwe, hazabaho gusubira inyuma cyane; niba itangwa ridakwiriye, bizaba ibibazo byabakiriya nibibazo. Ni kangahe ikirere gishobora kuba cyiza? Mbega ikibazo.

Aba bakiriya akenshi baracyari kurutonde rwumukara wumwimerere. Nubwo babona umukiriya nkuyu, abakozi ntibazatinyuka kwiyandikisha no gushyira ibicuruzwa hamwe nuwabikoze mbere byoroshye, kuko uwabikoze mbere azababwira ko babaye abakiriya ba XX kuva kera. Ntugomba guhubuka. Mbega isoni! Bimwe mubice rusange birashobora gutumizwa utiyandikishije nuwabikoze mbere. Ntabwo ari uko badafite ibiciro byiza, nukuberako utari mubyo babona ko ari umukiriya mwiza, kandi ntibatinyuka kuguha ibiciro byiza kuko badafite ubwumvikane buke nawe. Niba ukoresheje igiciro cye kugirango uhagarike abandi bakozi hanyuma ukamenyesha uwabikoze wambere kubimenya, uzaba mubibazo bikomeye. Kubwibyo, niba uhitamo ibicuruzwa bya R&D ugashaka umukozi, ugomba kubanza kumenyekanisha ibintu byibanze hanyuma ugasaba FAE yabo kuguha ibicuruzwa bijyanye nawe. Igurisha rizaguha igiciro cyerekana (uhitamo wenyine, kandi nyuma yo gusaba kugabanywa, bizaba igiciro uzabona mugihe kizaza). Noneho kurikiza intambwe zo kubasaba gutanga cyangwa kugura ingero muri zo. Niba ugura, ugomba no kubanza kumenyekanisha ikibazo cyawe. Niba wakoresheje ibicuruzwa byumwimerere, ugomba kuba "wiyandikishije". Ugomba rero kubanza kuganira nabo amahirwe yo kuba umukiriya wabo. Niba bisobanutse mbere, bagomba kugira inzira nyinshi zo kunyuramo. Niba bishoboka, tuzaganira kubwishingizi bwibicuruzwa (ntabwo byibandwaho, kuko ubuziranenge bwemezwa cyane nuwabikoze mbere), kubara no gutanga, hanyuma igiciro.

Iyi ni intangiriro yumvikana, kugirango umukozi azagusobanukirwa, aguhe agaciro, kandi yinjire mubindi biganiro. Gusobanukirwa ibarura ryabakozi nubushobozi bwo gutanga bigomba kuba ibyambere. Buri mukozi afite politiki yubucuruzi yibanze hamwe nibicuruzwa byibandaho. Ese ibyo umukiriya akeneye nibyo bashyira imbere? Ibi ni ngombwa. Ikigo kinini gifite ubucuruzi bunini, ariko icyo gifite gishobora kuba atari cyo ushaka. Hariho n'ubushobozi bwa agent bwo kubona ibicuruzwa, cyane cyane iyo gutanga ibicuruzwa bidahagije. Gushyira ibicuruzwa hakiri kare ntibisobanura kubona ibicuruzwa hakiri kare, byose biterwa nimbaraga zabyo muruganda rwambere. Nizera ko abakiriya benshi baryohewe. Niba gutanga no gutanga byemewe, ikintu cya nyuma nigiciro. Impamvu igiciro cyaganiriweho nyuma ntabwo ari ukubera ko igiciro atari ngombwa, ariko kubera ko nta garanti yabanje, igiciro ni amazi adafite isoko nigiti kidafite imizi. Bimaze iki kugira igiciro cyiza? Ubucuruzi bwibigize mubusanzwe ntabwo ari amasezerano yigihe kimwe, kandi ejo hazaza ni muremure. Igiciro kirashobora kugabanuka buhoro buhoro mugihe kizaza Igiciro Hasi, none kuki uhangayitse? (Uburyo bwo Kugura Hasi bizaganirwaho nyuma)

Kubwibyo, igitekerezo cyanjye bwite: Ikintu gikomeye cyane kugura abakiriya ni cyiza, gikurikirwa no gutanga, hanyuma igiciro. Iyo uhisemo ibicuruzwa mubirango bizwi, mbere ya byose, ubuziranenge buremewe. Nubwo hari ikitagenda neza rimwe na rimwe, burigihe habaho ibisobanuro kandi nta mpamvu yo gukenera umuntu inshingano. Gutanga ku gihe ni ngombwa cyane. Gutanga hakiri kare bigira ingaruka kubisuzuma; gutinda gutangwa bigira ingaruka kumusaruro no kugurisha. Igiciro nicyo kintu cya nyuma cyaganiriweho. Niba hari ibibazo bijyanye nubwiza cyangwa gutanga, shobuja ntazigera yumva: kuko igiciro ni cyiza, ibi birashoboka! Ikiganiro ni: Ninde waguteye kugura aya masezerano, yagize ingaruka kumiterere, umusaruro nisoko ryibicuruzwa?

 

Mugihe ushaka umufatanyabikorwa, gahunda umuguzi w'inararibonye agomba kwita kubicuruzwa agomba kuba: ubuziranenge, gutanga no kugiciro. Yumva ko igiciro atari cyo kintu cyingenzi. Niba ubuziranenge buteye kwibaza kandi gutanga ni byiza, ni ubuhe buryo bwo gukoresha igiciro cyiza? Nubwo nta kibazo kijyanye nubwiza, bimaze iki gutegura ibarura ryinshi kugirango umusaruro ukomeze? Amafaranga yiyongera kubikorwa byakazi hamwe namafaranga yo gucunga ashobora kuba yarangije kuzuza icyitwa "igiciro cyiza". Niba hari impinduka mubikorwa, niba ikoreshwa bike cyangwa itagikoreshwa, inyungu iruta igihombo! Kubwibyo, nyuma yo kwemeza ko ushobora kuba umukiriya wintumwa, ugomba kubanza gusuzuma garanti yubwiza bwibicuruzwa. Birumvikana ko niba uri ikirango cyo hejuru, ntugomba guhangayikishwa nibi bibazo. Ikibazo cyo gutanga ni ingenzi cyane cyane kuri chip zimwe na zimwe nyamukuru, akenshi zidafite insimburangingo ya kabiri. Iyo hari ibitagenda neza, ni ikibazo cyubuzima nurupfu rwo gutanga amasoko. Uruganda rwumwimerere ntirushobora gukemura iki kibazo. Gutanga mubisanzwe ni ibyumweru 8 cyangwa ibyumweru 12, kandi ibarura rikorwa nabakozi. Kubwibyo, kwemeza itangwa ryabaye ikibazo kubakozi.

 

Muri iki gihe, ikigomba gusuzumwa ni abakiriya ba agent aho kuba imbaraga zamafaranga, ifatwa nkibyingenzi. Kuberako numukozi ufite imbaraga zamafaranga adashobora gutegura ibarura rinini kubakiriya umwe. Abakiriya bagomba guhangayikishwa nibicuruzwa byingenzi byiyi agent. Niba ibicuruzwa uyu mukozi ateza imbere kandi akagurisha aribyo ukeneye, noneho nibitanga byiza cyane. Kuberako bafite abakiriya bamwe, akenshi bafite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gushyigikira tekinike muri kano karere, kandi akenshi baguha Igisubizo Cyuzuye muburyo butunguranye mugihe utezimbere ibicuruzwa. FAE yabo ikina niyi chip umunsi wose. Bazi ibibazo byose abakiriya bahura nabyo mugihe cyo guteza imbere ibicuruzwa no kubyaza umusaruro. Iyo wihebye, barashobora gukemura ibibazo byihutirwa. Kuberako bafite abakiriya bamwe, abakozi barashobora gusaba ibicuruzwa byinshi muruganda rwambere kandi bafite imbaraga zo guhahirana. Bashobora kubona igiciro cyiza kuva muruganda rwambere, rutanga uburyo kubakiriya barwanira ibiciro byabo byiza. Kuberako hari abakiriya nkabo, mugihe uwabikoze yambere yatangije ibicuruzwa bishya, bagomba kuba ikintu cya mbere batekereza. Bishingiye kubushobozi bwabo bwa tekinike n'ubushobozi bwo kugurisha, ibicuruzwa bishya bigezwa kubakiriya babo mbere. Ubu buryo ibicuruzwa byawe bishya birashobora kuba intambwe imwe imbere yabanywanyi bawe.

 

Icya kane, kubera ko afite abakiriya bamwe, mubisanzwe azategura byinshi. Kuza kw'abakiriya bashya bizamutera kwigirira icyizere cyo gutegura ibarura rihagije. Gutanga kwawe mubisanzwe byemewe. Icya gatanu, kubera ko ufite abakiriya bamwe, biroroshye cyane guhindura gahunda yawe. Muri iki gihe, abakozi muri rusange ntibazirikana kwiyongera, kugabanuka cyangwa no guhagarika ibyo wategetse (ariko abakozi bazaguhangayikishwa cyane no kwiruka hirya no hino ufite itegeko.) Ibi ni ngombwa cyane. Ntutekereze ko ushobora guhagarika itegeko ukoresheje telefone imwe gusa utishyuye. Ntakintu ushobora gukora kubijyanye. Niba bidakora, nzabona undi mukozi. Twabibutsa ko ubu buryo bufite ingaruka zidashira! Hano hari abadandaza bake kuri chip yawe nkuru. Niba uzwi, uwabikoze n'abacuruzi b'umwimerere bazakwitaho byumwihariko. Nubwo wajyana na ordre, abandi bakozi ntibashobora kugusuhuza kumwenyura, kuko niba utitonze, uzabacukurira umwobo. Guhindura isoko akenshi biragoye kubyumva, cyane cyane niba umukiriya ataraba umuyobozi muri iri soko. Nyuma yo kubona itegeko uyumunsi, nakoze cyane gutumiza, gusaba no kwirukana ibicuruzwa. Ejo ibyo umukiriya yatumije kandi uratekereza guhagarika itegeko cyangwa no kubisubiza. Niyo mpamvu, ni ngombwa cyane ko amasoko ahora atekereza kongeramo no guhagarika amategeko, no gutera imbere no gusubira inyuma mubwisanzure.

 

Hamwe nubwiza no gutanga byemewe, igihe kirageze cyo kuvuga kubiciro. Igiciro kiroroshye cyane, kandi turashobora gusa kuganira kubiciro mugihe byose birangiye. Igiciro cya chip zisanzwe kiri mumaboko yabakozi. Ibiciro bya chip zimwe zingenzi mubisanzwe biri mumaboko yabakora umwimerere, bazatanga ibiciro bitandukanye binyuze mubakozi ukurikije ibihe bitandukanye byabakiriya. Nigute ushobora kubona igiciro cyiza kubakora cyangwa abakozi bambere? Niba uri umuyobozi mu nganda, urashobora kwishingikiriza kumusaruro wawe nu mwanya wamasoko kugirango ubone igiciro utegereje. Niba uri umwe muri abo bantu, ntugire ikibazo. Mubisanzwe, ibyuma bibiri cyangwa byinshi byanditseho bikoreshwa mugukora ibicuruzwa. Ninde umwe ufite igiciro cyiza, koresha byinshi, nimwe ufite igiciro cyo hasi, koresha bike. Iyi ni ikarita y'impanda mu ntoki zawe. Abakora umwimerere nabakozi bahangayikishijwe cyane nubu bwoko bwo Gusangira. Ntacyo bitwaye niba abakiriya bayikoresha bike, ariko rwose ntabwo ari byiza kuyikoresha hamwe nabanywanyi! Kugirango tumenye kandi tunoze ibyo Mugabane, bazakora ibishoboka byose kugirango bahuze ibyo usabwa. Haha, igiciro mubisanzwe biroroshye kuganira. Niba uri isosiyete ishushanya (umuntu utegura gahunda cyangwa agurisha gahunda), ubwinshi bwubuguzi bwawe ntibushobora kuba bunini, ariko imbaraga zawe kumasoko nimbaraga zo kuzamura ntibishobora gusuzugurwa. Ikarita yawe y'impanda nuko niba umpaye igiciro cyiza, nzashushanya chip yawe mubisubizo byanjye. Niba nta giciro cyiza, nzabona indi sosiyete. Niba ufite ibikoresho byubuyobozi mu nganda, birumvikana ko ushobora kubikoresha byuzuye.

Niba ntacyo uri cyo kandi ntacyo ufite, ugomba rero kugirana ibiganiro byiza na agent. Reka turebe niba umukozi ashobora guhindura ibintu mu buryo bwihishe akakugira umukire? Tanga ibicuruzwa byagabanijwe neza kubakiriya bakomeye. Birumvikana ko iki atari ikintu dushobora kuvuga kubusa. Tugomba gutegereza kugeza amazi asohotse.

 

 

 

Iyo ushakisha umufasha, nibyiza cyane nibyiza, nibyiza bikwiye nibyiza nyuma yo kubitekerezaho byuzuye. Ni nako bigenda kubashakisha.

 

Abakozi ba Niu Igihe nongeye guhamagara terefone, nasubije nihanganye. Nyuma yo kuvuga amagambo make nihuta, nongeye kumanika terefone. Byari byiza rwose! Nzaguha ubucuruzi kandi ndacyatitayeho. Haha, ntushobora kubivuga. Buri muryango ufite sutras bigoye gusoma. Kugura abantu ntibashobora kumenya ko iyi nayo ari igitutu cyabakozi bagurisha. Reka ndebe niba imyumvire yanjye ishobora gusobanura impamvu? Ni izihe ntego zo kugurisha ku ugurisha mu kigo? Abantu benshi batekereza ko arikintu shobuja yamukubise umutwe, ariko simbitekereza. Agaciro gakomeye k'ibipimo bigurishwa bigenwa n'ibiranga isosiyete ubwayo. Inyuma yo kugurisha hari FAE, ibikoresho, abakozi, ibikoresho, umuyobozi; biro, ububiko; kwamamaza no gutembera. Tumenyereye gushyira mubikorwa amafaranga bakoresha nkibicuruzwa. Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'isosiyete n'ingamba zo kugurisha ifata bizagira amafaranga yo kugurisha. Ufatanije n’inyungu yo kugurisha, igena ingano ntarengwa yo kugurisha isabwa nisosiyete. Kugurisha kugabanijwe ku buryo butaziguye ni intego nyamukuru yo kugurisha.

 

Urebye amafaranga yinjiza n'umubare w'abakozi b'ibi bigo, buri wese yumva ko atari abakozi bato. Muri aya masosiyete manini y’ibigo, injeniyeri yo kugurisha itaziguye ikenera buri mwaka amafaranga agera kuri miliyoni 4 US $. Niba umusoro ku nyongeragaciro ubarwa, we Amafaranga asabwa yo kugurisha agera kuri miliyoni 30. Ibyo bivuze ko akeneye miliyoni 3 zo kugurisha buri kwezi. Imirimo ya buri munsi yumucuruzi usanzwe ikubiyemo: kwakira imeri imeri, kandi benshi muribo bakeneye gusubizwa. Mubisanzwe 2/3 biri mubisosiyete naho 1/3 biva mubakiriya. Hariho inama nyinshi zimbere yikigo buri cyumweru; kuzamura ibicuruzwa bishya nibisubizo bishya (nta bicuruzwa bishya, nta bicuruzwa bizaza); kumenyekanisha imirimo iherutse ku ruganda rwambere; gusura abakiriya basanzwe, kwakira ibicuruzwa, no gushyira ibicuruzwa hamwe nababitanga nyuma yincamake. Guhindura (guhagarika cyangwa kwiyongera), kwihuta, kohereza, kugaruza ubwishyu, nibindi. Muri ubu buryo, igihe kingana iki umuntu ugurisha ashobora guhangana numukiriya mushya buri munsi? Nyamuneka mwunvikana, nabo bananiwe umunsi wose. Bazi neza: Buri Igurisha ahanini rishingiye kubakiriya babiri cyangwa batatu kugirango barangize intego. Mubyukuri, abakozi bazi kandi ko 10% cyangwa 5% byabakiriya ba sosiyete barangije 90% cyangwa birenze ibyo intego zabo. Abakiriya benshi mubyukuri nta mbaraga bafite.

 

Igikorwa kiremereye cyo kugurisha nimpamvu nyamukuru, kandi nimpamvu ifatika. Birumvikana ko hariho n'impamvu zifatika. Bamwe mubacuruzi bafite kwibeshya nyuma yo gukora imyaka itari mike, kubera ko sosiyete nini kuko ari nini, kandi bakibwira ko sosiyete ikomeye kuko ikomeye. Haha, niba ushobora gukora ibi uramutse utangiye uruganda rwawe, byaba byiza! Iki ni ikindi gitekerezo. Umukiriya n'umukozi bavuganaga kuri terefone mbere na mbere, kandi mbere yuko babimenya, Igurisha ry'umukozi ryarangije gusuzuma isuzuma ry'umukiriya. Niba udashimishijwe cyane, mubisanzwe uzabona uburyo bwo kubikemura. Kubera ko umukozi adashishikajwe cyane, ntabwo bikenewe ko umukiriya asaba nta soni. "Niba utari umukiriya ukomeye, kuki utabahamagara?" Ntekereza ko aribyo. Abakiriya n'abakozi nabo bagomba guhuza neza. Intumwa ntabwo bivuze ko afite ibicuruzwa ushaka, kandi ntashaka kuvuga ko azabigurisha namara kubona ibicuruzwa. Ntutekereze ko isosiyete nini isobanura ibicuruzwa byinshi. Isosiyete nini, kandi icyangombwa ni ubwinshi kuruta ibicuruzwa bitandukanye. Ntamukozi wifuza gufungura ububiko bwimiti yubushinwa bugurisha byose. Icyo nikibazo cy "abagurisha kataloge." Abakozi bose bizeye kugurisha abakiriya benshi kandi benshi bafite ubwoko bwinshi. Abasore basanzwe bagurisha bamenyereye, reka rero berekane ubuhanga budasanzwe.

 

Igice cya kabiri ni iki? Mugihe ukorana nabakozi, byanze bikunze ugomba kumvikana kubiciro amaherezo. Mbere yo kuganira ku giciro, ushobora no kwiga byinshi kubijyanye na semiconductor icyo aricyo. Bizaba byiza muganira kubiciro! Igice cya kabiri ni iki? Abarimu bigisha mumashuri yisumbuye batwigishije ko "ibintu (cyangwa ibikoresho) hagati yuwuyobora na insulator ari igice cya kabiri. Mu magambo y’abalayiki, umuyagankuba ukoreshwa ku mpande zombi z’ikintu. Niba hari umuyaga unyura hagati, ni umuyoboro, kandi niba ntamugezi unyuramo, ni insuliranteri. Umwe hagati yabyo ni igice cya kabiri imbeho namazi ashyushye. Ariko niki kiri hagati yumuyaga nubu ntagihe kirimo? semiconductor yari amayobera cyane. Birashoboka ko mwarimu yatekereje ko ubumenyi bwacu bwibanze butari buhagije, cyangwa ikindi kintu. Sinatindiganyije kandi ntatanze ibisobanuro natekereje ko iki kibazo cyoroshye cyane nashakaga kukibariza mwishuri, ariko natinyaga ko ikibazo cyaba umwana cyane kandi nzaseka. Umwarimu mwishuri ntahantu na hamwe yagaragaye, ikibazo rero cyagumyeho.

 

Nyuma yo gukora imyaka itari mike, umunsi umwe ubwonko bwanjye bwamurikiye. Nyamuneka, Nashutswe! Mu byukuri nta muyobora "igice" ku isi. Mubyukuri, ibyo bita "semiconductor" nabyo ni umuyobozi. Niba utabyizera, gerageza ushyire voltage kumpande zombi za silicon ya monocrystalline cyangwa silicon polycrystalline. Haracyariho ibintu bitembera hagati, ariko rwose ntabwo ari Hagati yabiri, hari ikintu gihari kandi ntakintu gihari. Mubyukuri, ibintu nyabyo biranga ibi bikoresho byerekanwe mugihe ubuso bwabo buvuwe: ubuso bumwe "bukuramo" electron zimwe hanyuma bugasiga "umwobo" kugirango bwerekane polarite nziza (positif), naho ubundi buso butera electron zimwe kugirango zibe nziza. Ifite polarite itari nziza, hanyuma ibice byombi bivurwa birahuza cyane kugirango bibe "ihuriro", aribyo bita PN ihuza. Iri pfundo ni ryiza kandi ryerekana imiterere yihariye. Iyo voltage nziza ikoreshwa kuriyi masangano, kurwanya kwayo ni nto cyane kandi bisa nkaho ari umuyobozi mwiza; iyo voltage itari nziza ikoreshwa, irwanya rinini cyane kandi bisa nkaho ari "insulator". Niyo mpamvu hashobora kubaho ijambo "semiconductor". Icyerekezo cyimbere ni kiyobora, kandi icyerekezo cyinyuma gisa nkicyuma. Muri icyo gihe, ibiranga imbaraga za voltage na voltage ntibigikurikiza amategeko ya Ohm utitaye ko hakoreshwa voltage nziza cyangwa voltage mbi. Agaciro kayo ko kurwanya ntikikiri agaciro gahoraho, ariko guhinduka hamwe nimpinduka zubu na voltage. Ongeraho insinga kumpande zombi nicyo bita diode.

Kugabanya ibiranga iyi sano biganisha ku bwoko bwinshi bwa diode. Abakoresha ibiranga imbere harimo diode ikosora, diode yerekana, diode ihindura, diode yerekana, diode ya Schottky, diode yerekana amafoto, nibindi. Birumvikana ko izwi cyane kandi zigezweho ni Ni diode itanga urumuri (LED). Ibikunze gukoreshwa cyane biranga imiterere ihindagurika ni diode ya zener, kwigunga (kurinda) diode, nibindi. Niba iyi sano ikozwe nto, nicyo bita "diode ntoya", kandi niba ikozwe nini, niko bimeze -yitwa "power diode". Huza ipfundo ryombi rirangire kurangira cyangwa ikirenge kubirenge, hanyuma uhuze umugozi uhuza kugirango ube triode. Icyitonderwa: Niba umutwe na pin bihujwe, ntacyo bivuze, ni diode ebyiri gusa zahujwe murukurikirane. Ibiranga tristoriste biragoye, kandi kubishyira mubikorwa biratandukanye. Guhuza iyi diode, transistors, nibindi ukurikije ibikenewe bitandukanye ni umuzunguruko uhuriweho, uzwi nka: IC. Ku ikubitiro, abahanga b'Abanyamerika bahimbye semiconductor bakoresheje ubu buryo muri laboratoire. Kimwe cyakozwe mubuso buringaniye, ikindi gikozwe muburyo bwa probe hanyuma gikanda cyane hejuru yubundi kugirango kibe ihuriro rya PN. Umusaruro wakurikiyeho nyuma yinganda ntiwakoresheje ubu buryo na busa.Gusa kubona igice cyicyuma hamwe no kuvura hejuru no kubahuza hamwe ntabwo bizatanga iki kintu. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, plastike nizindi insulator ntizikora, cyangwa nibindi bikoresho. Kugeza ubu abantu benshi bemeza ko ibikoresho bitatu gusa kwisi bifite uyu mutungo, silikoni, germanium, hamwe nuruvange rwitwa gallium arsenide. Ibi nibyo bita semiconductor ibikoresho. Muri byo, silikoni niyo ikoreshwa cyane, kubera ko imikorere yayo ijyanye nibisabwa na bose, kandi inzira yo gukora ibicuruzwa nayo iroroshye kandi igiciro gito. Kugeza ubu hariho "Ikibaya cya Silicon" gusa ariko ntabwo "Ikibaya cya Germanium" na "Ikibaya cya Gallium Arsenide". Silicon ituruka he? umucanga! Inganda rero zikoresha igice cya kabiri zihindura umucanga zahabu. Ariko, ndacyafite ikibazo ntaramenya. Ubuzima bwibicuruzwa bya semiconductor ni "kimwe cya kabiri". Ibi bivuze iki? Mubyukuri nukuvuga, nukuri birumvikana hagati yanyuma kandi itagira iherezo, ariko ninde uzi ibiri hagati?

 

5. Igiciro cya IC Iyo ukorana nabakozi, ibiganiro byibiciro byanze bikunze amaherezo. Noneho ko tumaze gusobanukirwa na semiconductor, dushobora no gusobanukirwa nogushinga ibiciro byibicuruzwa bya semiconductor, bizafasha mugihe cyo kuganira kubiciro! Gukora IC bikubiyemo ahanini: iterambere ryibicuruzwa, umusaruro no gutunganya. Gutezimbere ibicuruzwa nugushushanya ibicuruzwa bikwiranye nibikenewe ku isoko, kandi umusaruro no gutunganya ni uguhindura ibicuruzwa byakozwe mubicuruzwa nyabyo. Umusaruro no gutunganya mubisanzwe bigabanijwe mubikorwa byimbere ninyuma. Ibyo bita imbere-impera ni ugukora chip; ibyo bita back-end ni ugupakira, kugerageza, no gupakira chip mubicuruzwa byanyuma. Amafaranga yiterambere arimo: ibiciro byiterambere byiterambere nibiciro byiterambere ryibicuruzwa. Kurugero, umusaruro wa IC ni nkaho gukora imigati ihumeka. Bamwe mu batetsi kabuhariwe mu gukora ubwoko butandukanye bwimigati yuzuye, imiterere, ingano, namabara ukurikije uburyohe bwabakiriya (isoko ryamasoko). Bamwe mu batetsi batekesha imigati gusa, bagashushanya ubushyuhe butandukanye, inshuro, hamwe nubunini bwikigereranyo ukurikije ibisabwa byimigati itandukanye kugirango imigati ihumeke neza. Uwahoze ari umutware ni nkiterambere rya IC, kandi umutware wa nyuma ahwanye niterambere rya IC. Kubera ko serivisi zikora inganda za IC ubu ziri kuzamuka, iterambere ryimikorere akenshi rikorwa nuru ruganda. Batezimbere inzira isanzwe, kuburyo sosiyete IC ikeneye kwibanda gusa mugutezimbere ibicuruzwa.

Muri ubu buryo, ibiciro bisanzwe byiterambere nabyo ni ibiciro byiterambere ryibicuruzwa. Iki gice cyibiciro ningaruka zishoramari ni byinshi cyane. Izi ngaruka akenshi ntiziva mubuhanga ubwazo ahubwo zituruka kumasoko, ni ukuvuga niba ibicuruzwa uteza imbere byemewe nisoko. Niba ibicuruzwa byateye imbere byemewe nisoko. Amafaranga yiterambere agabanijwe nigurishwa ryose akenshi ni ntarengwa. Ariko niba bitemewe nisoko, ubwo rero ishoramari ni nko gutabwa mumazi. Hariho ibintu bidasanzwe. Ibicuruzwa bikoresha tekinolojiya mishya myinshi ntibishobora gukundwa nabakiriya, kandi ibyo bicuruzwa byemewe nisoko bikunze kunengwa mubuhanga nabahanga bamwe. Ingero zibi birasanzwe. Ibiciro byibikoresho bigizwe ahanini nigiciro cyo gukora chip nigiciro cyo gupakira. Gutunganya Chip birasa nkaho bigenda. Niba ubushobozi ari uguhindura imigati 50 icyarimwe, noneho waba uhinduranya umugati umwe icyarimwe cyangwa ugahindura imigati 50, igiciro ni kimwe. Urufunguzo nuko amafaranga yo guta agaciro yibikoresho ari umurimo wigihe kandi ntaho uhuriye nibisohoka. Guta agaciro kubyara ibice 10,000 hamwe na 100.000 mugihe kimwe ni kimwe, ariko igipimo cya amortisation kiratandukanye inshuro 10. Niba ibindi bintu bingana, ikiguzi kizatandukana nibintu 10. Igihe gisanzwe cyo guta agaciro kubikoresho bya IC ni imyaka 4 (cyangwa imyaka 5), ​​kandi ikiguzi gihenze cyane. Ibiciro bya IC bingana no gukoresha ubushobozi.

Muri icyo gihe, IC ikorerwa kuri wafer ya silicon. Munsi ya chip ya silicon imwe, ntoya yubuso bwa IC imwe, niko umubare wa IC urimo chip ya silicon. Wafer ya silicon yubunini bumwe yateguwe nubugari butandukanye bwumurongo, kandi ingano iratandukanye cyane. Igiciro cyo gutunganya buri wafer ya silicon ni kimwe. Umubare munini, nigiciro cya buri IC. Iyi niyo mpamvu ubugari bwumurongo wa IC bugenda bugabanuka cyane, kandi bisa nkaho bitagira iherezo. Kugabanya ibiciro nimbaraga zikomeye zo gutwara. Igiciro cya IC nubugari bwumurongo. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, niba diameter ya wafer wa silicon yiyongereye, ubuso bwayo bwiyongera cyane, umubare wa IC kuri wafer ya silicon wiyongera hafi cyane, kandi igipimo cya chip cyiyongera icyarimwe. Niyo mpamvu ubuso bwa wafer ya silicon bwakomeje kwiyongera uko imyaka yagiye ihita: santimetero 5, santimetero 6, santimetero 8, santimetero 12 ... Kugabanya ibiciro bya IC ni ukugabanya ubunini bwa wafer ya silicon. Kugabanya ingano yububiko nabwo ni intambwe, ntabwo yujuje gusa ibisabwa nibicuruzwa bya elegitoronike bigenda biba bito kandi byoroheje, ariko kandi bigabanya cyane igiciro cyo gupakira, cyane cyane kubikoresho byamashanyarazi. Bitewe nubunini bunini bwo gupakira, ibiciro byo gupakira bibarwa igice kinini cyibiciro byibicuruzwa byose. Nyuma ya byose, ibikoresho ni amafaranga, kandi ntabwo aribikoresho bisanzwe.

Kugabanya umurongo ubugari nubunini bifite akamaro kanini kuri IC. Mugihe ugabanya ingano nuburemere bwibicuruzwa bya elegitoronike, binongera inshuro zikora zumuzunguruko kandi bigabanya gukoresha ingufu. Ariko ibi siko bimeze kububasha bwa IC. Wabonye ko kwizerwa kwa 7805 kurubu atari byiza nka mbere? Nibyo, usibye ko umusaruro wacyo mwinshi wagabanutse uva kuri 1.5A yumwimerere ugera kuri 1A y'ubu, imbaraga zumwimerere zo kugenzura imbere zarazimiye hafi nkuko agace ka chip kagabanutse. Mubyongeyeho, ibipfunyika byambere byari ibyuma byose TO-3, hanyuma iba plastike + icyuma TO-220. Ubu inyinshi murizo zose ni plastiki TO-220F, igabanya uburemere, ingano, nigiciro. Bizahita binanirwa bimaze kuremerwa. Kubwibyo, niba ugishushanya ibicuruzwa ukurikije ingeso zawe zambere, bizoroha guhura nibibazo. Ibikoresho hafi ya byose byamashanyarazi, harimo IC, transistors (MOSFETs, transiporiste bipolar, diode), nibindi, bifite ibibazo nkibi. Mubihe byashize, uwabikoze yaguhaye icyerekezo hanyuma asigarana marike. Noneho iraguha icyerekezo nyacyo. Nta ntera. Ugomba kugumana margin wenyine! Ubundi uhitamo xxxxA, cyangwa nziza xxxxB. Birumvikana ko ibiciro nabyo byazamutse. Ijambo ryiza: gukora umurimo w'ubupayiniya no guhanga udushya; ijambo ribi: gukata inguni!

 

6. Guhitamo ibicuruzwa Abantu benshi batekereza ko amasoko arizo mbaraga nyamukuru mugucunga ibiciro no guhahirana, ariko sintekereza. Mubyukuri, ishingiro ryo kugenzura ibiciro ntabwo riri mumaboko yumuguzi. Iyo BOM iri mumaboko yumuguzi, yamaze gutekwa, kandi nikintu cyizewe. Ubwenge bwabaguzi nugushushanya gusa kuri cake nibyiza. Urufunguzo rwo kugenzura ibiciro ruri muri R&D. Niba ukeneye guteza imbere cyangwa kuvugurura ibicuruzwa, ni ibihe bicuruzwa (ibice) ugomba guhitamo kandi ninde? Kugena ikiguzi cyibicuruzwa byarangiye. Ndibwira ko guhitamo ibicuruzwa bigomba kugerageza gushingira kubicuruzwa bifite umusaruro mwinshi hamwe nibiciro byapiganwa byuzuye kumasoko. Amashanyarazi, microcontrollers, imiyoboro ya interineti, ndetse na relay, sensor, nibindi byose birashobora gukoreshwa mubisobanuro, harimo tereviziyo, mudasobwa, tableti, ibyuma bifata ibyuma bikonjesha, abatekera induction, kugenzura kure, amagare y’amashanyarazi, isuku ya vacuum, metero z'amashanyarazi, metero y'amazi, router idafite umugozi, monitor ya mudasobwa, printer Nibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe nibindi. Ni ibihe bice bakoresha? Niba ibi bice bishobora gukora, ugomba guhitamo ibi nta gutindiganya.Kuki? Kuberako ibyo bicuruzwa bikozwe mubwinshi, biroroshye cyane ibiciro. Niba imikorere yikiguzi itari hejuru kandi ubuziranenge ntabwo bwizewe bihagije, ntibizakoreshwa cyane. Muri uru rubanza, birumvikana ko bidakenewe ko dushakisha ubundi buryo. Nubwo tudashobora kubona igiciro kimwe kubakora, igiciro cyuzuye cyubwoko bugomba kuba arushanwa cyane. Mugihe kimwe, kubera ubwinshi, hazaba hari ababikora benshi bumwimerere batanga ibicuruzwa bimwe cyangwa bihuye, none ntibizatangwa nibiciro bizaba ejo hazaza? Umaze kugira intego ya chip, ni ikibazo cyo guhitamo uwo. Ntugapfobye uwo ugomba guhitamo. Ninde wahitamo azagena uwo kugura ibicuruzwa mubihe biri imbere. Kubera ko uruganda rwumwimerere rusanzwe rushyira mubikorwa gahunda yo kwiyandikisha kubuyobozi bwabakozi, ni ukuvuga, iyo umukiriya numukozi bamaze kumvikana, umukiriya yandikwa nkumukiriya wintumwa. Muri iki gihe, abandi bakozi ntibagishobora gutanga serivisi nibicuruzwa kubakiriya nta bihe bidasanzwe. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, uyu mukiriya ntashobora kubona undi mukozi ushobora gutanga ibicuruzwa na serivisi. Muri make, iyo impande zombi zimaze kwemeza umugambi wo gufatanya, umukiriya aba umukiriya wikigo runaka. Kubwibyo, ugomba kwitondera uwo wahisemo ibicuruzwa. Nibyiza kureka iki kibazo kumasoko. Mubisanzwe, bazi neza kurusha injeniyeri za R&D, kandi ninshingano zabo.

 

Witondere: Kugera ku bwumvikane bisobanura iki? Rimwe na rimwe uratekereza ko nigeze kubaza FAE yiki kigo kubibazo bimwe na bimwe bya tekiniki, kandi ko amakuru nasabye yari murwego rwitumanaho ariko ntabwo yemeje ubufatanye buzaza. Nigute niyandikishije nkumukiriya wiki kigo? Ariko umukozi ntashobora kubibona gutya. Yaguhaye serivisi, kandi ntabwo uri umukiriya wabandi bakozi. Birumvikana ko uri umukiriya we, kandi amabwiriza azaza ashobora gushyirwa hano gusa. Kubwibyo, rimwe na rimwe impande zombi zigomba kwitondera no kugerageza gusobanura ibintu hakiri kare kugirango birinde kudasobanuka no gutuma abantu bose batishimira ejo hazaza. Umukiriya afite imyifatire myiza. Mugihe atarahisemo umukozi uzafatanya mugihe kizaza, itumanaho ntirigomba kuba ryimbitse kugirango birinde ubwumvikane buke. Birumvikana ko abakozi bamwe nabo bakeneye kurushaho gutanga. Niba bidakabije, ntubyiteho. Abakiriya barashobora kuvugana nuwabikoze mbere, ariko niba atari umukiriya munini uhagije, uwabikoze mbere yambere amenyekanisha umukiriya kubakozi babo. Bitekerezeho, reka uwabikoze yumwimerere agusabe umukozi, cyangwa ubishakire wenyine? Uruganda rwa Dayuan akenshi rufite urutonde rurerure rwabakozi. Bafite ibiro n'amashami hafi ya yose mu gihugu. Nashaka nde? Ibihe bya buri agent biratandukanye, kandi uburyo bwo kugurisha ningamba nabyo biratandukanye cyane.Bamwe bakize cyane, bahindura amaboko ibicu nimvura, kandi bashishikajwe no gukora ibintu bikomeye no gukora ibintu bikomeye. Bamwe bashishikajwe no kwibanda kumurima runaka, bizeye kuzaba umuyobozi muriki gice kandi bagafata bitatu bya gatatu bya hegitari. Niba ibicuruzwa bizaza ari binini, imbaraga zamafaranga zumukozi nazo zizageragezwa. Niba ntakibazo nkicyo, ugomba gutekereza umukozi ufite ibicuruzwa byinshi byabigenewe kandi byumwuga hamwe nubufasha bwa tekiniki. Abakozi babigize umwuga akenshi bashoboye gutanga inama zumwuga. Kurugero: ibikoresho bimwe bifite ingufu nyinshi bihendutse kuruta ibikoresho bike. kubera iki? Kuberako afite abakiriya benshi kuriyi moderi kandi afite ibicuruzwa byinshi, igiciro mubyukuri ni cyiza. Rimwe na rimwe, abakozi bazajya bayobora abakiriya bamwe bafite imbaraga nke kugirango bakoreshe ibikoresho bye bikomeye. Kubakoresha, kuki utahitamo ibikoresho byamashanyarazi biri hejuru kubiciro bimwe cyangwa biri hasi? Igiciro ni cyiza, kwizerwa ni hejuru, kandi gucunga ibarura nabyo biroroshye. Kubakozi, ubu buryo inyungu afite mukubona ibicuruzwa birashobora kurushaho gushimangirwa, kandi mugihe kimwe, ibyago byo kubara bishobora kugabanuka (ubwoko buke, niko ingaruka zo kubara).

Birumvikana, hari indi ngingo kubakozi. Nihe handi ushobora gukura igikoresho nkiki nigiciro nkanjye uretse njye? Nzakomeza gufata kuri kimwe cya gatatu cyubutaka. Wungukire abandi nawe ubwawe, abantu bose barishimye! (Ihangane, ubu byiswe "win-win") Kugirango ugumane ubu butaka bwa hegitari eshatu, umukozi nawe yakoze cyane kandi akoresha amafaranga ahagije. FAE ihagije kandi yabigize umwuga nuburyo bwabo nyamukuru. Nibyo, iyi ninyungu kubakiriya. Umwuga FAE urashobora gutanga serivisi zubuhanga kubuntu kugirango bitezimbere ibicuruzwa niterambere. Kuva mubishushanyo mbonera kugeza kubisubizo byuzuye. Niba hari ibibazo mubikorwa, duhora duhamagara kandi dushobora kubikemura vuba. Nigute ushobora guhitamo byinshi kurwego rwa serivisi? Kubera ubwoko butandukanye, aba agent barabitswe neza. Bakunze gushyira ibicuruzwa bidashingiye kubicuruzwa byabakiriya kuva muruganda rwambere, ariko bishingiye kubiteganijwe kubakiriya. Rimwe na rimwe, bazifashisha kandi igiciro cyiza kugirango babone ibicuruzwa byinshi bashingiye kubitangwa nibisabwa muruganda rwambere. Muri ubu buryo, ibyifuzo byabakiriya kubintu byemewe mugihe icyo aricyo cyose. Gutanga ingwate no gutanga ku gihe rimwe na rimwe ni ngombwa kuri njye kuruta igiciro. Ubunararibonye bumwe burahari hamwe na microcontrollers (MCUs) (witonde, imashini 8-biti yumunsi ikunda kuba ihendutse kuruta imashini 4-bit).

Abakozi batanga chip zikoreshwa mubisanzwe mubikoresho byo murugo. Urashobora guhitamo chip imwe cyangwa ebyiri zifite ububiko bunini kandi ugereranije ninteruro nyinshi kugirango ukore ibicuruzwa byose. Tegura PCB ihuriweho kandi wandike porogaramu zitandukanye kubicuruzwa bitandukanye. Niba ukeneye kandi interineti ya A / D ihinduka, igiciro cya microcontroller hamwe na A / D intera iratandukanye rwose. gukora iki? Kubwamahirwe, niba ubunyangamugayo bwo guhinduka butari hejuru, FAE yumukozi izasaba uruziga ruto rushobora kwigana A / D ibice bitatu, kandi iki kibazo kizakemuka. Nakora iki niba ibicuruzwa bidasanzwe kandi sinshobora kubona ibicuruzwa bifatika mugihe gito? Hano hari ihame: mugihe uhitamo ibicuruzwa, gerageza guhuza nibicuruzwa aho kureka ibicuruzwa bikamenyera. Bisobanura iki? Mugihe uhitamo icyitegererezo, urashobora kuvugana nabakozi benshi hanyuma ukumva FAE no kugurisha. Niba ushaka guhitamo MOSFET, urashobora kumenya niyihe nzira nyamukuru kandi ikoreshwa muburyo bukenewe mubisabwa? Niba ibipimo nyamukuru byujuje ibyasabwe ariko ibipimo bimwe ntabwo ari byiza, urashobora gutekereza uburyo bwo guhindura bimwe? Kurugero: niba imyanda yamenetse ari nini kandi kuri-resistance nini, banza urebe niba ishobora kuneshwa? Birashoboka guhindura umuzenguruko ujyanye niki gikoresho? Mubicuruzwa birebire byuruganda rwumwimerere, mubyukuri hari ibikoresho byinshi bigenewe amasoko amwe yo hanze hamwe nabakiriya runaka. Ntibisabwa ku isoko ryUbushinwa kandi ntibikunze gukoreshwa nabakiriya.

Niba utekereza gusa ko byoroshye cyane kubisabwa hanyuma ugahitamo iyi moderi, uzagira ibibazo bitagira iherezo. Birashobora gufata ibyumweru byinshi kugirango usabe ingero. Kuberako uwabikoze yumwimerere atabigusabye, ntabwo iboneka mubitabo byintangarugero kandi FAE ntabwo ifite kubiganza. Ibicuruzwa bya PP nibibazo byinshi. Niba umubare ntarengwa wateganijwe (MOQ) utagerwaho, umukozi azakora umubare winyongera cyangwa uzabigumana? Niba PP itagenze neza kandi indi PP irakenewe ariko ubwinshi bwumwimerere buracyabura, bizarushaho kugorana. Nibyiza, PP yararangiye, kandi havutse ikibazo cyabadepite. Iteganyagihe rigomba kuba rifite ukuri kandi PO ntishobora guhinduka. Biragoye kubakiriya ba none gukora ibi. Nibyiza, nubwo wabikora. Niba hari ikibazo kijyanye no gutanga uruganda rwumwimerere, noneho bizaba ari gutaka kubisubizo buri munsi, no gutaka kunanirwa! Nakura he isoko y'ibicuruzwa nabasimbuye? Ninde ushobora kugufasha? Niba utegereje kugeza umwaka urangiye kugirango uganire ibiciro, nigute ushobora kuganira kumasoko? Biteye isoni cyane kubakozi kugumana igiciro cyambere, kuko nabo ubwabo barangije gutwikwa! Iyo ibicuruzwa bigeze, abakiriya ntibabitwara ku gihe; iyo ibarura riba ryagiye, abakiriya bavuza induru kandi binubira. Ni nde ushobora kubyihanganira? Kubwibyo, R&D guhitamo ibice nibyingenzi mugihe utezimbere no guteza imbere ibicuruzwa. Guhitamo ibicuruzwa "icyerekezo" bizabona ibisubizo kabiri hamwe nimbaraga zimbaraga. Umaze guhitamo icyitegererezo, uzashobora kugura ejo hazaza byoroshye; bitabaye ibyo, bizagorana kuvaho.

Niba hari uwibwira ko kugabanya ibiciro ari ugutinda kwishyura binyuze mumasoko no gukina amayeri, noneho bazasuzugurwa rwose. Nibyiza rwose kuba kure cyane, ukungukirwa, kandi ukubahwa nabandi.

 

Igiciro nigiciro cyibicuruzwa rusange Iyo ukorana nabakozi, byanze bikunze kumvikana kubiciro amaherezo. Noneho ko tumaze gusobanukirwa ibicuruzwa bya semiconductor nibiciro byabyo, reka dusubire mubucuruzi. Twumva ko igiciro cyibicuruzwa bigenwa nisoko aho kuba ikiguzi (usibye ibicuruzwa byihariye). Nubwo twaba twumva ikiguzi cyibicuruzwa kandi tukagira igitekerezo cyacyo, nta mpamvu yo kubivuga mugihe muganira ku giciro, kuko ikiguzi nubucuruzi bwuwo muhanganye kandi ntaho buhuriye nawe! Wabivuze, ariko undi muburanyi ntiyishimiye. Igiciro cyisoko ryibicuruzwa ni 1 yu. Nubwo igiciro ari 1 ku ijana gusa, ntabwo azakugurisha kumafaranga 9. Kurundi ruhande, niba ikiguzi cye ari 2 yuan, ntushobora kumutegeka kumafaranga 2 yubupfu. Impamvu iroroshye, isoko igena igiciro kandi ntaho ihuriye nigiciro. Ninde dukwiye kugura ibicuruzwa bifite igiciro cyisoko 1 yuan, agent? Umucuruzi? Kubicuruzwa bifite igiciro cyisoko ni 1 yuan, dushobora guharanira igiciro cyamafaranga 9, 8, 9, 5, cyangwa no munsi?

Ndatekereza ko dushobora kubanza kugabanya ibice bigomba kugurwa mubyiciro bibiri: rusange-intego-idasanzwe. Ibyo bita rusange bivuga ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe byakozwe ninganda nyinshi zishobora kuba rusange kandi zihuza. Nka: Urukurikirane rwa 78xx, urutonde rwa 74xxxx, hamwe na amplificateur zimwe na zimwe zikora, kugereranya voltage, MOSFETs, diode, transistor, nibindi. Ibiranga ibyo bicuruzwa ni: agaciro gake, ibintu byinshi bihindagurika, hamwe nababikora benshi. Kugura ibyo bicuruzwa, ntekereza ko ari byiza kugura kubacuruzi. Abacuruzi bavugwa hano bivuga ibigo bifite igipimo runaka, umubare munini wibarura ryibibanza, hamwe na garanti yo kugurisha, kimwe hepfo. . nyuma.) Urashobora kugerageza gushaka agent ufite itegeko rya 7805 1kk ukareba niba bakwakiriye neza. Kubera iki? Kuberako niyo ubu bucuruzi bushobora gutangizwa neza, 1KK izatwara hafi 100K buri kwezi ugereranije. Nubwo igiciro cyibice ari $ 0.10, ni ubucuruzi bwamadorari 10,000. Niba hari inyungu rusange 5%, bizatwara amafaranga 3000 gusa

Reka twongere turebe kuriyi agent. Ubwa mbere, bagomba gukora Iteganyirizwa kubakora umwimerere. Kuri ibyo bicuruzwa bidafite ibintu bya tekiniki, agaciro gake, kandi "bidakora" amafaranga, ababikora bambere barabigenera. Iteganyagihe ryakozwe nabakozi akenshi rirahagarikwa. Icyuma kimwe; Amaherezo nashoboye kuyihindura kuri PO, kandi uruganda rwumwimerere ntiruzemeza igihe cyo kuguha. Ibyo ari byo byose, iyo ubisanze muri sisitemu, uzaba witeguye gutanga icyemezo no gufata ibicuruzwa; niba itinze muri sisitemu, ntugomba kubyihutisha. Nubwo wansaba, ntawe uzakwitaho. Noneho, niba uhageze kare, ugomba kuyitwara ukayishyira mububiko. Iki kintu kiremereye kandi gifata umwanya. Iyo mpageze ntinze, abakiriya baza kunyibutsa burimunsi kandi bakantera ubwoba rimwe na rimwe. Amaherezo birashoboka kohereza ibicuruzwa, ariko umukiriya arashaka ko wohereza ubutumwa kuko umurongo wibikorwa watinze. Mana yanjye, nigute iki kintu gishobora koherezwa mugutanga Express? Ariko nta bundi buryo, ninde uzatinda? Hanyuma, iyo igeze kubakiriya, haracyari iminsi 30 na 60 yo gutuza buri kwezi dutegereje. Muri iki gihe kirekire, ibiciro nabyo bizahinduka. Niba igiciro cy'isoko kizamutse, abakiriya bazavuga bati: "Habanje kubaho amasezerano, kandi tuzabikora dukurikije amasezerano." Niba igiciro kigabanutse, abakiriya bazavuga bati: "Umuyobozi wacu ati, ubu igiciro kiri hasi, nkore iki?" Nshobora gukemura fagitire ku giciro cyambere? Nyuma yiki cyiciro, niba ushobora kubona amafaranga 10 cyangwa 8 kumafaranga 3.000, uzagira amahirwe utabuze amafaranga. Rimwe na rimwe niba ibintu bitagenze neza, bazibagirwa igihombo kandi akenshi barangiza bakagira byinshi y'ibibazo hamwe nabakiriya. Nubwo abakozi bakoze cyane, batinze umusaruro, kandi niba abayobozi babashinja, abakiriya bazabareba neza? Niba utanabonye inshuti amaherezo, birarenze igihombo kuruta inyungu. Ni nde ushobora kwihanganira iyi mibabaro? Kuri ibyo bicuruzwa rusange, abakozi bafite ubushake bwo guhangana nabacuruzi nabacuruzi. Umwaka utangiye, nabanje gukora Forecast ya xxxKK ntegereza ko uwabikoze yambere yinjira hanyuma nkayimurira muri PO. Niba ibicuruzwa bitabonetse, abacuruzi ntibari kunyihutisha. Ibyo ari byo byose, bari bafite ububiko cyangwa ibindi bicuruzwa bihari. Igihe ibicuruzwa bigeze, mpa guhamagara gusa bazategura kubitwara, amafaranga azakurwaho. Ngwino ukuboko kumwe ujyane ukundi, niyo ingingo imwe cyangwa ebyiri zizabona amafaranga. Niba umukiriya wa nyuma abonye umukozi, bafite ubushake bwo kumenyekanisha umukiriya kubacuruzi babo n'abacuruzi, kandi buri wese arishimye. Ku ruganda rwumwimerere, kuki ukomeza gutanga umusaruro niba udashaka amafaranga? Ndibwira ko impamvu nyamukuru ari uko abakiriya bamwe bakoresha chip zabo nyamukuru hamwe na chip nini bakeneye izi chip. Guhagarika itangwa ryibi bikoresho bifasha birashobora gutakaza aba bakiriya; ariko impamvu yibanze cyane ni: umusaruro wibicuruzwa bya semiconductor ukenera "kuringaniza", ni ukuvuga, Hariho umusaruro uhoraho wa buri kwezi.

Kandi isoko ryisoko rifite ibihe bimwe, aribyo byitwa ibihe bitari ibihe. Ibicuruzwa bimaze gutangwa bidahagije, uruganda rwumwimerere ruzakenera ibyo bicuruzwa byinshi kandi binini cyane kugirango byuzuzwe. Niyo mpamvu ibyo bicuruzwa akenshi bitumizwa utazi igihe nyacyo cyo gutanga. Ku bacuruzi n'abacuruzi, barashobora gutwara ibirango 3, 4 cyangwa byinshi icyarimwe. Ibicuruzwa birahari cyane kandi birashobora gukoreshwa na buri rugo. Ntibatinya gusubira inyuma, kandi iminsi myinshi yo kugurisha ni ndende. Igihe cyigihe nigihe cyose ububiko buhendutse, nzagura ikirango icyo aricyo cyose. Bafite ibarura ryinshi kandi akenshi ibiciro byiza. Nibyo, mugihe uguze, urashobora kubona abacuruzi benshi batandukanye kugirango ugereranye ibiciro. Ntabwo uzagira igihombo icyo aricyo cyose mugura hirya no hino. Numucuruzi umwe arashobora kugenzura niba hari itandukaniro ryibiciro byibicuruzwa bitandukanye? Kuki uhangayikishijwe no kutabona igiciro cyiza? Ariko, ku giti cyanjye ndumva bidafite ishingiro kugereranya gusa kubiciro, kuko rwose birasa. Birahagije kureba serivise nicyubahiro cyisosiyete no guhitamo isosiyete imwe cyangwa ebyiri. Ubufatanye burambye butuma abantu bose baruhuka kandi bishimye. Ibiciro. Ntushobora gukora icyo ushaka cyose. Nyuma ya byose, ibi nibyerekana urwego rwakazi rwawe nubushobozi bwawe, hamwe nicyizere cya shobuja n'abayobozi. Ariko ntugatwarwe cyane. Niba hari ibibazo bijyanye nubwiza bwabatanga cyangwa gutanga, inyungu nto wakoze izaba yarahanaguwe nta kimenyetso. Birababaje kandi ntabwo ari byiza kubisosiyete.

 

8. Igiciro nigiciro cyibicuruzwa bidasanzwe Intego Ndashaka kuvuga iki kubicuruzwa byabigenewe (IC)? Mubyukuri, sinzi kubisobanura ubwanjye. Birumvikana ko imikoreshereze yabo isanzwe igaragara cyane, nka: LCD TV, chip ya mudasobwa ya tablet, set-top box chip, nibindi. Ariko ibi ntabwo ari byimazeyo. Kurugero, microcontrollers hamwe na chip ya DSP bifite imirima myinshi yo gusaba, ariko mubisanzwe tubashyira mubikorwa nkibikoresho byihariye-bigenewe. Abakozi ntibazavuga chip zimwe badakuyeho ibyo umukiriya asohokamo. Abakoresha izo chip ntibazabaha abakozi batabanje kubyemezwa nuwabikoze mbere. Ndumva ibyo bigomba kuba chip zidasanzwe dukunze kuvuga. Igiciro cyumuzunguruko uhuriweho muri rusange kigabanijwemo ikiguzi cyo gukora, ikiguzi cyiterambere nigiciro cyo kugurisha, ariko mubyukuri ibyo byose ni konti zitesha umutwe. Ibyo ari byo byose, ni izihe konti zitangwa mu bihe bitandukanye. Niba umuzenguruko uhuriweho wakozwe nuwabikoze ubwayo, guta agaciro kubikoresho bigizwe nibiciro byinshi byinganda. Ariko ibi bikoresho ntabwo bitanga ibicuruzwa gusa. Nigute ushobora gutanga iki gice cyigiciro? Usibye wafer ya silicon, andi mazi, amashanyarazi, na gaze birasangiwe. Niba ubushobozi bwo kubyara buri mubushobozi bwuzuye, nibyiza. Niba ubushobozi bwo kubyaza umusaruro burenze, ninde uzishyura ikiguzi cyigice gisigaye? Haha, aya ntabwo ari amafaranga make.

Byumvikane ko, niba chip na pake byoherejwe hanze, noneho kubara ibiciro byo gukora biroroshye. Ibyo ari byo byose, igiciro cyo gutunganya abandi nigiciro cyo gukora IC. Ibiciro byiterambere nibintu bibi cyane kuvuga. Ikibazo cyoroshye cyane ,, imishahara yumuyobozi numuyobozi mukuru ifatwa nkigiciro cyiterambere? Ibyo ari byo byose, iki giseke kirashobora kubamo icyo ushaka cyose. Kujya kure cyane, niba ikiguzi cyiterambere ari amafaranga yagereranijwe, ubwo ni bangahe igiciro gisangiwe na buri IC? Iterambere ryibicuruzwa biza mbere, kandi kugurisha biza nyuma. Ibi birumvikana ko bigoye kubivuga. Niba hari umubare wateganijwe mugihe ibicuruzwa byatejwe imbere, ariko mubuzima bwubuzima kuva itangira kugurisha kugeza kurandura burundu ibicuruzwa, umubare nyawo wo kugurisha uzaba nyuma yimyaka myinshi (birumvikana, rimwe na rimwe ni amezi menshi) , kandi ubunini bwiyi ntera ni nini cyane. Itandukaniro riri hagati ya miliyoni 1 na miliyoni 10 ni inshuro 10. Kubwibyo, niba utanga isoko aganira nawe kubiciro hanyuma akirata uko amafaranga yiterambere ryabo angana, ubwenge bwawe burashobora kuzerera no gutekereza kumagambo asanzwe: guseka. Ntabwo bitinze kuza kwisubiraho mugihe igiciro cyumvikanyweho.

Ibiciro byo kugurisha nabyo ni igice kinini, harimo mbere yo kugurisha na nyuma yo kugurisha. Mubihe byashize, porogaramu za IC zari zoroshye, kandi abashinzwe porogaramu ba injeniyeri barashobora kuzikemura ubwabo. Muri iki gihe, IC ziratera imbere zigana urwego rwa sisitemu. Usibye ibyuma, bifitanye isano ya hafi na software ndetse na software ya gatatu. Abakiriya ntibagihaze nibishushanyo mbonera byoroshye ariko bisaba urutonde rwuzuye rwibisubizo. Ibi birarenze rwose ubushobozi bwabakora IC ubwabo. Bagomba gufatanya n’amasosiyete yabigize umwuga yabandi kugirango bakemure ibyo abakiriya bakeneye, ndetse bakeneye kugura software-y-igice kugirango babone abakiriya kubuntu. Serivisi nyuma yo kugurisha nayo irazimvye. Niba abakiriya bafite ibibazo nyuma yo gukoresha ibicuruzwa, uko byagenda kose, uwakoze IC niyo yambere abanza kuvugana. Batekerezaga ko uruganda rwumwimerere rushobora kubyitwaramo. Mubyukuri, ntabwo aribyo. Kubera ko ikizamini gikunze gutangwa (byibuze software igerageza hanze), isesengura ryibicuruzwa ntibyoroshye. Kuberako igeragezwa ryibicuruzwa byuruganda akenshi bigena gusa niba byujuje ibisabwa cyangwa bitujuje ibisabwa, ntamuntu uzi ibipimo byihariye bitujuje ibisabwa. Niba hari ibibazo bya sisitemu birimo, uwabikoze ubwayo ntazigera abasha kubikemura, kandi amafaranga yinyongera azakoreshwa.

Nubwo ishoramari kuri buri gicuruzwa cya IC kuva mu iterambere kugeza ku isoko rya nyuma ari rinini, uko byagenda kose, dukomeje gushimangira ko igiciro cy’ibicuruzwa byonyine ku isoko bifitanye isano n "igiciro", nka: lisansi, amashanyarazi, amazi ya robine , n'ibindi. Igihe cyose "bahinduye" ibiciro ni ukubera ko "ibiciro" bizamuka. Nta sano iri hagati yibicuruzwa byacurujwe byuzuye nibiciro. Ibiciro by'ibikoresho byiyongereye, ibiciro by'ingufu byiyongereye, n'ibiciro by'umurimo byiyongera. Wabonye ibiciro bya tereviziyo, mudasobwa, imashini imesa na firigo byiyongera? Umubare munini wibicuruzwa bya semiconductor (ukuyemo: amakarita atandukanye yo gutwara abantu, amakarita yubuvuzi, namakarita atandukanye akenewe mubuzima, akazi, nubucuruzi) nibicuruzwa byuzuye. Igiciro cyibicuruzwa bya semiconductor birashobora kwiyongera gusa kubitekerezo, ntabwo byiyongera. Igiciro cya IC gituruka he? Igiciro cyibicuruzwa rusange bigenwa nisoko; igiciro cyibicuruzwa byihariye bigenwa nabanywanyi. Kurugero: IGBT modules ya inverter yumuyaga itangwa ahanini namasosiyete abiri, kandi ni abanywanyi. Ibiciro byo kugurisha ibicuruzwa bizahuza ahanini nibyerekanwe.

Urashobora kwitondera, hariho ingero zitabarika hirya no hino. Ni ngombwa kubyumva! Intego nyamukuru yo kuganira ibiciro nibiciro ni ukugabanya ibiciro. Shakisha inzira nziza hanyuma utangire gukata buhoro. Inshuti zimwe zitekereza ko igiciro cyibicuruzwa rusange byoroshye kuganira no kugabanya. Kuberako hari abatanga isoko benshi hamwe namarushanwa akaze, biroroshye kubarobyi kunguka. Abatanga ibicuruzwa bidasanzwe akenshi ni umwe cyangwa babiri. Bafite ubwumvikane buke hagati yabo kandi nta mpamvu yo kuganira ku giciro! Ariko, ibyiyumvo byanjye bitandukanye cyane.

 

Kuba umukozi wumwuga wikirango kizwi cyane IC ni ugukurikirana abakora ibicuruzwa byinshi ba IC, gushiraho ishusho nziza yubucuruzi bwikigo (ibikorwa, imari, nibindi); kwemeza ubucuruzi buhamye n'inyungu; gushaka intore nziza zo kugurisha, nibindi. Inyungu zivugira ubwazo. Nigute ushobora guhinduka umukozi nkuyu vuba bishoboka? Ntabwo ndimo gutereta nkana. Mubyukuri, simbizi. Nta gisubizo mfite kuri iki kibazo. Niba nakubwiye, ngomba kukubeshya, naho ubundi nagira ...

Mu bubiko bwibitabo muri terminal yikibuga cyindege, TV yerekana akenshi ikina uruziga rwumuntu wigisha ibijyanye nubuyobozi nubuyobozi. Ijwi n'amarangamutima biravanze, kandi birakora ku mutima kubyumva. Ariko ngeze mu ndege ndatuza ndabitekerezaho, byasaga naho atari ko bimeze. Bakunze kubita abigisha, ariko gake nka ba rwiyemezamirimo. Impamvu iroroshye nkiyi. Ubwa mbere, ba rwiyemezamirimo ntibafite umwanya wigihe. Icya kabiri, ba rwiyemezamirimo ntibafite umwanya wo kubona amafaranga. Nigute bashobora kubona umwanya wo gutekereza kubijyanye no gushaka amafaranga? Nibyo, hari na ba rwiyemezamirimo batangaza ibitabo bagatanga disikuru. Ariko, urizera inkuru zabo nubunararibonye? Ntabwo nemera uko byagenda kose! Mperutse, nahuye nuwashinzwe uruganda rwumwimerere rwi Burayi maze mvuga ku isoko ryUbushinwa. Ibitekerezo bye, gusobanukirwa, nibisabwa byasaga nkibidutera imbaraga. Iyi ni isosiyete ikora ibijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga mu majwi yo mu Burayi idatanga uruhushya rw’ikoranabuhanga gusa ahubwo inakora IC. Ikoreshwa cyane cyane kugabana inshuro, guhererekanya, kwongera, nibindi bya pre-majwi, kandi ikoreshwa muri mikoro, ivanga, na preamplifiers. Ntibagishoboye guhagarika isoko rinini ry'Ubushinwa. Ubusanzwe bakoresheje umukozi wo mumahanga kugirango bamenyekanishe kandi bagurishe kumugabane wigihugu, ariko bamenye ko irindi shyaka ryari rirenze ubushobozi bwabo, nuko bagenda basobanukirwa buhoro buhoro: Hariho abantu bavuga igishinwa kandi bashobora gukora ibintu byubushinwa. Mu mahanga Abashinwa, Abanya Tayiwani, Abanya Hong Kong, Abanyamahanga, n'ibindi byose bafite uburyo bwabo bwite bw'ubucuruzi, kandi abenegihugu bagomba kuba bafite akamaro kanini kubakiriya bo ku mugabane wa Afurika.

Kubera iyo mpamvu, batangiye gutekereza ku gushaka "abahanga" mu Bushinwa. Ni ubuhe butumwa bwabo buhumye? Intumwa ntishobora kuba nini cyane. Nyuma ya byose, iyi IC ni umwuga kandi isoko ryo gusaba ni rito. Intumwa nini cyane ntishobora kwita kubucuruzi buto. Birumvikana ko bidashobora kuba bito cyane. Erega, abakozi bamwe numutekano wamafaranga biracyakenewe. . Muri byo, imwe itigera inyerera ni nziza. Kugeza ubu, tugomba gukorera muriki gice cyo gusaba kandi dufite inkunga yumwuga. Niba ushobora guteza imbere cyangwa gufatanya guteza imbere porogaramu, ibyo byaba ari agati kuri keke. Impamvu yabo nayo irasobanutse neza, ni ukuvuga, binyuze mubafatanyabikorwa, barashobora guhita bumva isoko: Ni ubuhe bushobozi bwinganda? Ninde mukinnyi wingenzi (abatanga isoko, abakiriya)? Ni ubuhe butumwa nyamukuru bw'abakiriya, ubwiza, igiciro, serivisi ya tekiniki? Ni ikihe gisubizo cyoroshye kwinjira, kandi nigute waguka nyuma yo kwinjira? Harashobora kubaho imiyoboro yo kugurisha kumurongo kugirango ihite ifasha kwagura isoko kubicuruzwa?

Ibipimo byari byoroshye kandi ntabwo byari hejuru, ariko ingorane nyazo zirenze ibyo bari biteze. Hano haribintu byinshi byo kwishakamo ibisubizo, ariko bene abo "babigize umwuga" n'abagurisha ni gake rwose. Hagomba kubaho, ariko ntibarayibona. Nyuma yo kungurana ibitekerezo, nasaga nkufite ubushishozi. yego! Ni bangahe mu nshuti zacu batabishaka bifungura gufungura ibigo byabo nka "amaduka y’imiti yo mu Bushinwa" afite ibyo bakeneye byose kandi bishobora gufata ibyemezo, ibyo bita "serivisi imwe". Mfite ubwoba ko niba ntabasha gufata abakiriya bose, nzashaka abandi bakiriya, kandi amaherezo, nibyo nshobora gukora bizatwarwa nandi masosiyete. Cyangwa bafite impungenge ko abakiriya bazatekereza ko bafite ibikoresho bidahagije byubushobozi nubushobozi buke, kandi ntibazashobora kubona ibicuruzwa binini mugihe kiri imbere. Muri ubu buryo, ndimo ndagenda ndushaho kuba kure "umunyamwuga". Inshuti zimwe zizagura umurongo wibicuruzwa igihe cyose bishoboka. Igihe cyose ibicuruzwa bishobora kuba agent, nzuzuza ibisabwa byose. Iyo amashyaka yombi ashyikirana, bakunze kubaza umubare w'igurisha mfite, amanota yo kugurisha mfite, imirongo y'ibicuruzwa mfite, umubare w'abacuruzi na ba injeniyeri mfite. Ni ubuhe buryo bwiza bwo kugurisha? Tekereza kubyo abanyamahanga batekereza, ni ibintu bifatika. Ntabwo yifuza gutoza umukozi wenyine. Azakenera rwose umufatanyabikorwa wageze kuri iri soko ryihariye kandi yorohewe nayo, kandi ashobora kumufasha kugera kubakiriya no kumasoko byihuse bishoboka. Nkora ibicuruzwa kandi ufite imiyoboro, niyo win-win bahora bavuga.

Hariho itandukaniro hagati yibitekerezo byabanyamahanga nibihe turimo. Ntibitangaje kubona tudashobora kubona ibyo dushaka nibyo dushaka gukora ntibishobora gukorwa. Ku bw'amahirwe, yibukije ko yahuye n'inshuti yo mu ruganda rukomeye rwa IC mu ntangiriro z'umwaka, kandi akavuga no ku bakozi. Igurishwa ryabo ahanini rishingiye kubakozi bake ba super agent. Ariko baritondera cyane kwagura ibicuruzwa bishya nimirima mishya, biragaragara ko atari inyungu zaba super agent. Tutibagiwe na we ku giti cye, ndetse icyicaro cyabo cyambere cyuruganda rwasanze bigoye gusunika aba super super kugirango bafatanye kurwego runaka. Izi ntumwa zimaze kumenyera kubona ibicuruzwa byumwimerere nabakiriya bakomeye, hanyuma bakishingikiriza kumafaranga yabo menshi kugirango bagurishe. Ariko biroroshye bite kwishingikiriza gusa kugurisha na FAE y'uruganda rwambere? Batekereje kandi gushakisha ubufatanye na sosiyete zindi zishushanya hamwe nisosiyete igurisha murwego runaka. Tangira ugaragaza ibikoresho ukoresheje abakozi, hanyuma amaherezo wizere ko uzahagarara kandi ube abakozi babo. Ntabwo tumaze igihe kinini tuvugana. Bagomba kuba barakoze ibyo bashaka byose, sibyo? Nibyo, birasa nkaho abantu bake cyane bitaye kandi bagatsimbarara ku kuba "abanyamwuga", nubwo abantu benshi muribo bakunze kuvuga ko ari "abanyamwuga".

 

10. Ba umukozi! Mboneyeho umwanya wo gusuhuza Noheri n'Ubunani, umuyobozi wambere wuruganda rwa Pre-audio IC navuze haruguru yambwiye ibijyanye no gushakisha umukozi wumugabane wiminsi ibiri ishize. "Byabaye birebire, natekereje ko byakozwe!" Ibi ntibyari byitezwe. Nshobora gusa kubyemera gusa: "Nibyo, nzagukurikirana, kandi nzakugira inama nziza." Urwego rwanjye rwicyongereza ntirwari ruhagije kugirango numve neza urujijo rwe. Njye kuri njye mbona abakora ibikorwa byo gukwirakwiza IC babitswe cyane cyangwa badafite ikizere gihagije muri bo cyangwa bafite andi mabanga? Amatsiko yanjye yatumye ntekereza kuri aba bakora imyitozo ya IC. Birashoboka ko iri rushanwa ryihuta ryatumye abantu benshi bahangayikishwa no gushaka amafaranga byihuse no kwirinda ubucuruzi bwigihe kirekire. Ibyiringiro nibyiza, ariko ngomba kwemeza ko nshobora kubaho umunsi ibyiringiro bizagerwaho! Ibibazo bifatika bigomba gusuzumwa, kubwibyo akenshi turangiza duhuze nubucuruzi busa nkubwinshi burimunsi. Nahoraga ntangazwa nuko benshi mu nshuti zanjye bamara umunsi wabo wose babaza aho bashobora kubona imiyoboro ihendutse yo kugura, cyangwa kwibaza uruganda rwumwimerere cyangwa kugurisha abakozi bashobora kubona. Inyungu rusange yibyo bucuruzi ntabwo bipimwa muri% ahubwo ni amafaranga cyangwa amafaranga. Ariko bari bahuze cyane kandi barishimisha.

Rimwe na rimwe nyuma yo kurya, barinubira ko ubucuruzi bugoye kandi bagomba gukora amasaha make ku ruganda rwambere, abakozi, abatwara ubutumwa, n'abaguzi. Rimwe na rimwe, ndabaza aho hari imiyoboro myiza n'inzira zo gushaka amafaranga menshi no gukora ubucuruzi bunini. Mfite isoni zo kuganira kuri ibyo bibazo kuko ntabwo ninjije amafaranga menshi, kandi byanze bikunze nta gisubizo cyiza. Nshobora kubivuga gusa kubusa. Ariko, iyo mvuze ibyiyumvo byanjye mwiherero, mpitamo ubucuruzi butwara igihe kandi busaba akazi. Ntabwo ari uko navutse nkora cyane kandi mfite ubutwari bwo guhangana n'ibibazo, ariko ndumva ubucuruzi nkubwo bukwiye imbaraga. Ubucuruzi bworoshye akenshi butangirana no kugura, mugihe ukoresheje imbaraga zihagije nibikoresho kugirango ubone itegeko. Ubucuruzi bworoshye akenshi butangirana nigiciro nigihe cyo kwishyuza. Gerageza ushake uburyo bwo gutuma igiciro cyawe kiri munsi yabandi, kandi igihe cyo kwishyuza kirashobora kuba kirekire kurenza abandi. Birumvikana ko inyungu yubucuruzi nkubwo ishobora gupimwa gusa kumafaranga. Amaherezo, bizaba impfabusa cyangwa kubyuka bukeye ugasanga byongeye kwamburwa nabandi. Nkuko baca umugani, baza bihuta bakagenda bihuta. Kubera ko ubucuruzi bushobora kwamburwa abandi byoroshye, ntibitangaje ko abandi bazabunyaga muminota mike. Ntabwo ari karubone nkeya, ntabwo izigama ingufu, ntabwo yangiza ibidukikije, kandi ntabwo ifite ubumenyi bwa siyansi ku iterambere.

Kurundi ruhande, reba ubucuruzi bufite ibibazo nibibazo. Bitangirana na Souring, kohereza ingero, gukora prototypes, hanyuma igisubizo cyuzuye. Ntabwo ifasha gusa mugutezimbere ibyuma, inanafasha mugutezimbere software. Rimwe na rimwe, tugomba no gufasha abakiriya gutegura "kugurisha ingingo" kubicuruzwa byabo. Kuberako umukiriya yavuze ko umenyereye cyane imikorere yibicuruzwa byawe, kandi uzi neza uburyo bwo kwerekana imikorere myiza kubakiriya bacu. Rimwe na rimwe, nzumva ndakaye, "Nabaye iki? Ntarinze, ukeneye iki ishami rya R&D n’isoko ryo gukora? Uracyayobora umunsi wose. Ibi ntabwo ari byiza, ntabwo ari byiza." Ibyo aribyo byose: "Inshingano ikomeye iva mwijuru." Abantu ba Yusi, ... "Ibisubizo by'izo mbaraga nabyo ntibizwi. Iyo ikosa ryica rimaze kugaragara mu masano amwe n'amwe ya R&D, umusaruro, no kugurisha, imbaraga zose zabanjirije izatakara. Icyakora, amahirwe yo kuba atari menshi. Nyuma byose, nigishoro kinini kubakiriya batezimbere ibicuruzwa bishya bakabishyira kumasoko, kandi ntibazihutira kubijyamo batabanje kubitekerezaho. Ingaruka mbi nuko umukiriya asanga ibicuruzwa byanyuma bidashobora guhura nibyateganijwe kandi bigomba gutereranwa nyuma yo gushyirwa ku isoko. Ariko amabwiriza yarangiye muriki cyiciro arashobora gufasha byibuze guhuza ipfundo, kandi mubisanzwe haracyari impirimbanyi Birumvikana, niba ibitekerezo byamasoko ari byiza, inyungu zizaba- ikigaragara Ubu bwoko bwo gusarura ntabwo buhamye kandi burigihe, ariko kandi biragoye kunyagwa nabandi.

Niba abandi bashaka gufata ubu bucuruzi, birumvikana ko bagomba gukora ikintu kimwe. Bitabaye ibyo, nigute bashobora guhatana bihagije kugirango bafate ubucuruzi nkubwo? Agomba kuba ashobora kwikorera "inshingano zikomeye". Kubijyanye no kugerageza "gutoranya amashaza" ubona umuntu runaka cyangwa abantu 1 cyangwa 2, ibyo ntibyoroshye. Sourcing, R&D, kugenzura ubuziranenge, kugura, kwamamaza, kuyobora, urashaka kugerageza ibi byose? Ikirenze iki, niba uwatanze isoko yajugunywe, ninde wemeza ko mushya azakora neza? Abakiriya ni bake bafite ubushake bwo gushyira mu kaga urusimbi. Tutibagiwe n'amarangamutima yaje mu nzira. Ni uwuhe mukozi ushaka kuba?